Multiplier circuits with optional shift function

ABSTRACT

Multiplier circuits that can optionally be configured as bit shifters. An exemplary multiplier includes a one-hot circuit, a multi-bit multiplexing circuit, and a multiply block. The one-hot circuit has a multi-bit input and a multi-bit output. The multiplexing circuit has first and second multi-bit inputs and a multi-bit output, with the first input of the multiplexing circuit being coupled to the output of the one-hot circuit. The multiply block has first and second multi-bit inputs and a multi-bit output, with the first input of the multiply block being coupled to the output of the multiplexing circuit. When selected by the multiplexer, the position of the single high bit in the one-hot circuit output determines the number of bits by which the multiplier output is shifted relative to the second multiplier input. When the one-hot circuit output is not selected as an input to the multiplier, the multiplier performs a multiply function.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to multiplier circuits. More particularly, theinvention relates to multiplier circuits that can optionally beconfigured as bit shifters.

BACKGROUND

Multiplier circuits are common in many types of systems, such as DSP(digital systems processing) systems. Therefore, several different typesof multiplier circuits have been devised. One such type is the arraymultiplier circuit, in which a matrix of partial products is derived inparallel, and then a 2-dimentional array of full adders is used to sumthe rows of partial products. The matrix of partial products isnaturally trapezoidal in shape. However, the trapezoid can be skewedinto a rectangle with the sum or carry bits being propagated diagonally.The rectangular array multiplier is regular in structure, and each cellin the rectangle is coupled only to the neighboring cells. Therefore,this architecture is suitable for implementation in an integratedcircuit (IC).

FIG. 1 illustrates a well-known array multiplier circuit. Theillustrated array multiplier circuit includes an N×N (N by N) array ofcells (101, 102, 103, 104) including full adders plus adjacent halfadders and AND gates, with a ripple carry adder (112, 113) added at thetop of the array to provide the upper N bits of the final sum. In thecircuit of FIG. 1, the two N-bit inputs to the multiplier circuit areX[N−1:0] and Y[N−1:0], and the 2N-bit product output of the multipliercircuit is P[2N−1:0]. Each &/FA sub-circuit 102 (see FIG. 2) includes afull adder and a logical AND gate coupled to one of the full adderinputs. The &/FA cell 102 provides the partial product bit SOUT and thecarry out signal COUT from the carry input CIN, the two bit inputs YINand ZIN, and the partial product input bit SIN. Each &/HA sub-circuit103 (see FIG. 3) includes a half adder and a logical AND gate coupled toone of the half adder inputs. Each &/HA cell 103 provides the partialproduct bit SOUT and the carry out signal COUT from the carry input CIN,the two bit inputs YIN and ZIN, and the partial product input bit SIN.Each AND sub-circuit 104 (see FIG. 4) includes a logical AND gate drivenby the corresponding YIN and ZIN inputs and providing the AND outputsignal ANDOUT. The N×N array provides the lower N bits of the productP[N−1:0].

The ripple carry adder at the top of the array includes full addersub-circuits (RCFA 112) and a half adder sub-circuit (RCHA 113), withthe ripple carry chain going from right to left as shown in FIG. 1. Theripple carry adder performs the final summation of the partial productsand provides the upper N bits of the product P[2N−1:P[N]).

Thus, a standard array multiplier circuit can have a rectangular aspectwell suited for implementation in an integrated circuit. However, atypical multiplier circuit includes several types of cells and thus isnot completely regular in design.

Other multiplier architectures in common use utilize “Wallace trees”.These architectures use carry propagate adders instead of the long carrychains required by an array multiplexer. For sufficiently large valuesof N, these architectures have improved multiplier performance comparedto the structure of FIG. 1, but at the price of having a much lessregular structure. Thus, multipliers utilizing Wallace trees and similarmethods may be less suited for implementation in array-type integratedcircuits, e.g., in many programmable integrated circuits.

Programmable integrated circuits (ICs) are a well-known type of arrayedIC that can be programmed to perform specified logic functions. Anexemplary type of programmable IC, the field programmable gate array(FPGA), typically includes an array of programmable tiles. Theseprogrammable tiles can include, for example, input/output blocks (IOBs),configurable logic blocks (CLBs), dedicated random access memory blocks(BRAM), multipliers, digital signal processing blocks (DSPs),processors, clock managers, delay lock loops (DLLs), and so forth.

Each programmable tile typically includes both programmable interconnectand programmable logic. The programmable interconnect typically includesa large number of interconnect lines of varying lengths interconnectedby programmable interconnect points (PIPs). The programmable logicimplements the logic of a user design using programmable elements thatcan include, for example, function generators, registers, arithmeticlogic, and so forth.

The programmable interconnect and programmable logic are typicallyprogrammed by loading a stream of configuration data into internalconfiguration memory cells that define how the programmable elements areconfigured. The configuration data can be read from memory (e.g., froman external PROM) or written into the FPGA by an external device. Thecollective states of the individual memory cells then determine thefunction of the FPGA.

Another type of programmable IC is the Complex Programmable LogicDevice, or CPLD. A CPLD includes two or more “function blocks” connectedtogether and to input/output (I/O) resources by an interconnect switchmatrix. Each function block of the CPLD includes a two-level AND/ORstructure similar to those used in Programmable Logic Arrays (PLAs) andProgrammable Array Logic (PAL) devices. In CPLDs, configuration data istypically stored on-chip in non-volatile memory. In some CPLDs,configuration data is stored on-chip in non-volatile memory, thendownloaded to volatile memory as part of an initial configuration(programming) sequence.

For all of these programmable ICs, the functionality of the device iscontrolled by data bits provided to the device for that purpose. Thedata bits can be stored in volatile memory (e.g., static memory cells,as in FPGAs and some CPLDs), in non-volatile memory (e.g., FLASH memory,as in some CPLDs), or in any other type of memory cell.

Other programmable ICs are programmed by applying a processing layer,such as a metal layer, that programmably interconnects the variouselements on the device. These ICs are known as mask programmable ICs.Programmable ICs can also be implemented in other ways, e.g., using fuseor antifuse technology. The terms “programmable integrated circuit” and“programmable IC” include but are not limited to these exemplarydevices, as well as encompassing devices that are only partiallyprogrammable. For example, one type of programmable IC includes acombination of hard-coded transistor logic and a programmable switchfabric that programmably interconnects the hard-coded transistor logic.

Traditionally, programmable ICs include one or more extensive dedicatedclock networks, as well as clock management blocks that provide clocksignals for distribution to all portions of the IC via the dedicatedclock networks. These clock management blocks can be quite complicated,encompassing, for example, digital locked loops (DLLs), phase lockedloops (PLLs), and so forth. For example, the Virtex®-4 series of FPGAsfrom Xilinx, Inc. includes up to 20 clock management blocks, eachproviding individual clock deskewing, frequency synthesis, phaseshifting, and/or dynamic reconfiguration for a portion of the IC. Thus,a significant amount of design and testing time is required to providethese features in the device, and their use also requires time andeffort on the part of the system designer. Additionally, because aglobal clock signal may be needed at virtually any position in aprogrammable IC, a global clock network is very extensive and consumeslarge amounts of power when in use.

A large IC design typically has a large number of timing requirements.For example, a clock signal must reach the destination within a certainwindow within which the data being provided to the destination is valid.Meeting these timing requirements for every logic block in a large ICcan present a significant challenge, particularly when complicated byissues such as multiple clock domains, skew, jitter, and process,voltage, and temperature variability. Thus, the well-known timingrequirements known as the “setup time” for data (the amount of time bywhich the data signal must precede the active edge of the clock signalat the input terminals of the logic block) and the “hold time” for thedata (the amount of time the data signal must remain at the data inputterminal after the arrival of the active edge of the clock signal) arevital to the success of a clocked design, and must be met for everyclocked element, or the logic cannot be expected to operate properly.

Therefore, it is clear that the design of reliable clock networks for alarge programmable IC with multiple clock domains may consume a largeamount of engineering resources and may adversely impact the designcycle of the programmable IC.

Programmable ICs are typically designed to be useful in a large varietyof customer applications. Therefore, they tend to include a large numberof substantially similar logic blocks that are designed with flexibilityin mind. To improve the efficiency of certain target applications,including compute-intensive applications such as digital signalprocessing (DSP), specialized blocks may be included as well as thearray(s) of highly flexible logic blocks. However, to achieve theoptimum mix of flexibility and efficiency, it may be desirable toprovide a programmable IC in which the logic blocks are optimized, inthemselves, for compute-intensive applications.

SUMMARY

The invention provides multiply blocks that can optionally be configuredas bit shifters. In an exemplary embodiment, a multiplier circuitincludes a one-hot circuit, a multi-bit multiplexing circuit, and amultiply block. The one-hot circuit has a multi-bit input and amulti-bit output. The multiplexing circuit has first and secondmulti-bit inputs and a multi-bit output, with the first input of themultiplexing circuit being coupled to the output of the one-hot circuit.The multiply block has first and second multi-bit inputs and a multi-bitoutput, with the first input of the multiply block being coupled to theoutput of the multiplexing circuit.

In some embodiments, the output of the one-hot circuit is 2^K (2 to theKth power) bits wide, the first and second inputs and the output of themultiplexing circuit are each 2^K bits wide, and the first input of themultiply block is 2^K bits wide, with K being an integer greater thanone (e.g., three). The output of the one-hot circuit can include, forexample, one bit having a power high value and (2^K)−1 bits having azero value.

In some embodiments, the multiplexing circuit is programmable to selecta value on one of the first or second inputs of the multiplexing circuitas the first input of the multiply block. In some embodiments, theone-hot circuit is programmable to select one output bit as a high bit.

According to another embodiment, a multiplier circuit includes means fordecoding a multi-bit first value to provide a multi-bit one-hot value, amultiply block having multi-bit first and second inputs and a multi-bitoutput, and means for selectively providing one of the first value orthe one-hot value to the first input of the multiply block. The meansfor decoding may include, for example, a plurality of logical AND gateshaving inputs coupled to receive at least two bits of the first valueand outputs coupled to provide the one-hot value. The means forselectively providing may include, for example, a multi-bit programmablemultiplexer circuit.

In some embodiments, the one-hot value is 2^K (2 to the Kth power) bitswide, the first and second inputs and the output of the multiplexingcircuit are each 2^K bits wide, and the first input of the multiplyblock is 2^K bits wide, K being an integer greater than one (e.g.,three). The one-hot value can include one bit having a power high valueand (2^K)−1 bits having a zero value, for example. Some embodiments alsoinclude a means for selectively providing one of a second value or avalue of “1” to the second input of the multiply block. The means forselectively providing can include a multi-bit programmable multiplexercircuit. The “1” value allows the multiply block to be used as afeedthrough for the second input.

According to yet another embodiment, an integrated circuit includes anarray of substantially similar logic blocks coupled one to another. Eachlogic block includes a one-hot circuit, a multi-bit multiplexingcircuit, and a multiply block. The one-hot circuit has a multi-bit inputand a multi-bit output. The multiplexing circuit has first and secondmulti-bit inputs and a multi-bit output, with the first input of themultiplexing circuit being coupled to the output of the one-hot circuit.The multiply block has first and second multi-bit inputs and a multi-bitoutput, with the first input of the multiply block being coupled to theoutput of the multiplexing circuit.

In some embodiments, in each logic block, the output of the one-hotcircuit is 2^K (2 to the Kth power) bits wide, the first and secondinputs and the output of the multiplexing circuit are each 2^K bitswide, and the first input of the multiply block is 2^K bits wide, Kbeing an integer greater than one. The output of the one-hot circuit caninclude one bit having a power high value and (2^K)−1 bits having a zerovalue. The multiplexing circuit in each logic block can be programmableto select a value on one of the first or second inputs of themultiplexing circuit as the first input of the multiply block. Theone-hot circuit in each logic block can be programmable to select oneoutput bit as a high bit. In some embodiments, the integrated circuitcomprises a programmable logic device (PLD).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention is illustrated by way of example, and not by wayof limitation, in the following figures.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a known array multiplier circuit.

FIG. 2 illustrates the input and output signals of an full adder circuitin the multiplier circuit of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 illustrates the input and output signals of a half adder circuitin the multiplier circuit of FIG. 1.

FIG. 4 illustrates the input and output signals of an AND circuit in themultiplier circuit of FIG. 1.

FIG. 5 illustrates a multiplier circuit comprising a uniform array ofsub-circuits.

FIG. 6 illustrates the input and output signals of a full adder circuitin the multiplier circuit of FIG. 5.

FIG. 7 illustrates how an 8×8-bit (8-bit by 8-bit) unsigned multiplierwith an 8-bit output can be implemented using the uniform arraymultiplier circuit of FIG. 5.

FIG. 8 illustrates how an 8×8-bit unsigned multiplier with a 16-bitoutput can be implemented using the uniform array multiplier circuit ofFIG. 5.

FIG. 9 illustrates how an 8×16-bit unsigned multiplier with a 24-bitoutput can be implemented using the uniform array multiplier circuit ofFIG. 5.

FIG. 10 illustrates how a 16×16-bit unsigned multiplier with a 16-bitoutput can be implemented using the uniform array multiplier circuit ofFIG. 5.

FIG. 11 illustrates how a 16×16-bit unsigned multiplier with a 32-bitoutput can be implemented using the uniform array multiplier circuit ofFIG. 5.

FIG. 12 illustrates an integrated circuit (IC) that can be implementedusing the uniform array multiplier circuit of FIG. 5.

FIG. 13 illustrates how storage elements may optionally be added to theuniform array multiplier circuit of FIG. 5 prior to inclusion in theprogrammable IC of FIG. 12.

FIG. 14 illustrates a bus-based logic block that can be used to build aprogrammable IC having highly flexible multiplier capability.

FIG. 15 illustrates an exemplary IC that can be built using the logicblock of FIG. 14.

FIG. 16 illustrates how the various elements are controlled by commonmemory cells in the bus-based logic block of FIG. 14.

FIG. 17 illustrates one embodiment of the constant generator circuitincluded in the logic block of FIG. 14.

FIG. 18 illustrates a non-uniform array multiplier block that can beused in the logic block of FIG. 14.

FIG. 19 is a simplified depiction of the logic block of FIG. 14.

FIG. 20 illustrates how the logic block of FIGS. 14 and 19 can be usedto implement a first multiplier function, MULT1.

FIG. 21 illustrates how the logic block of FIGS. 14 and 19 can be usedto implement a second multiplier function, MULT2.

FIG. 22 illustrates how a 16×16-bit unsigned multiplier with a 32-bitoutput can be implemented using the logic block of FIGS. 20-21.

FIG. 23 illustrates how a 16×16-bit unsigned multiplier with a 16-bitoutput can be implemented using the logic block of FIGS. 20-21.

FIG. 24 illustrates how a 32×32-bit unsigned multiplier with a 64-bitoutput can be implemented using the logic block of FIGS. 20-21.

FIG. 25 illustrates how a 32×32-bit unsigned multiplier with a 32-bitoutput (lower order bits) can be implemented using the logic block ofFIGS. 20-21.

FIG. 26 illustrates how the multiplier of FIG. 25 can be “folded” toproduce a more rectangular design.

FIG. 27 illustrates how a 32×32-bit unsigned multiplier with a 32-bitoutput (higher order bits) can be implemented using the logic block ofFIGS. 20-21.

FIG. 28 illustrates a first way in which the multiplier of FIG. 27 canbe “folded” to produce a more rectangular design.

FIG. 29 illustrates a second way in which the multiplier of FIG. 27 canbe “folded” to produce a more rectangular design.

FIG. 30 illustrates a first method, the sign extension method, in whicha 16×16-bit signed multiplier with a 32-bit output can be implementedusing the logic block of FIGS. 20-21.

FIG. 31 illustrates a second method, the optional NAND method, in whicha 16×16-bit signed multiplier with a 32-bit output can be implementedusing the logic block of FIGS. 20-21.

FIG. 32 illustrates a third method, a combination of the sign extensionmethod and the optional NAND method, in which a 16×16-bit signedmultiplier with a 32-bit output can be implemented using the logic blockof FIGS. 20-21.

FIG. 33 illustrates a first embodiment of the one-hot circuit includedin the logic block of FIG. 14.

FIG. 34 illustrates a second embodiment of the one-hot circuit includedin the logic block of FIG. 14.

FIG. 35 illustrates a third embodiment of the one-hot circuit includedin the logic block of FIG. 14.

FIG. 36 illustrates how the logic block of FIGS. 14 and 19 can be usedto implement an addition function, ADD.

FIG. 37 illustrates how the logic block of FIGS. 14 and 19 can be usedto implement a subtraction function, SUB.

FIG. 38 illustrates how the logic block of FIGS. 14 and 19 can be usedto implement a signed or unsigned equal compare function, ECMP.

FIG. 39 illustrates how the logic block of FIGS. 14 and 19 can be usedto implement an unsigned unequal compare function, UCMP.

FIG. 40 illustrates how the logic block of FIGS. 14 and 19 can be usedto implement a function, SCMP, that can be used to implement a signedunequal compare.

FIG. 41 illustrates how the logic block of FIGS. 14 and 19 can be usedto implement a first multiplexer function, MUX1.

FIG. 42 provides a logical view of a signed unequal compare function.

FIG. 43 illustrates how the signed unequal compare function of FIG. 42can be implemented using the logic blocks of FIGS. 39-41.

FIG. 44 illustrates how the logic block of FIGS. 14 and 19 can be usedto implement a second multiplexer function, MUX2.

FIG. 45 illustrates an exemplary adder/subtractor that can beimplemented using the logic blocks of FIGS. 20, 38, and 44.

FIG. 46 illustrates how the logic block of FIGS. 14 and 19 can be usedto implement a third multiplexer function, MUX3.

FIG. 47 illustrates how the logic block of FIGS. 14 and 19 can be usedto implement a bitwise compare function, BCMP.

FIG. 48 illustrates how the logic block of FIGS. 14 and 19 can be usedto implement a first bitwise shift function, SHFT1.

FIG. 49 illustrates how the logic block of FIGS. 14 and 19 can be usedto implement a second bitwise shift function, SHFT2.

FIG. 50 illustrates an exemplary 40-bit shifter that can be implementedusing the logic blocks of FIGS. 46-49.

FIG. 51 illustrates a first implementation of the storage logic in thelogic block of FIG. 14, in which the storage elements are implemented asflip-flops.

FIG. 52 illustrates a C-element that is commonly used to implementasynchronous logic.

FIG. 53 is a truth table for the C-element of FIG. 52.

FIG. 54 illustrates an alternate implementation of a C-element.

FIG. 55 illustrates a second implementation of the storage logic in thelogic block of FIG. 14, in which the storage elements are implemented aslatches controlled using 4-phase handshaking.

FIG. 56 illustrates a third implementation of the storage logic in thelogic block of FIG. 14, in which the storage elements are implemented aslatches controlled using 2-phase handshaking.

FIG. 57 illustrates how the 2-phase handshaking circuit of FIG. 56 canbe applied to the horizontal handshake logic for the lookup tablecircuit of FIG. 14.

FIG. 58 illustrates in more detail the output multiplexer circuit ofFIGS. 14 and 19.

FIG. 59 illustrates an embodiment of the data and control logic blockfrom FIG. 58.

FIG. 60 illustrates an exemplary 2- to 4-phase converter that can beused, for example, in the circuit of FIG. 59.

FIG. 61 illustrates an exemplary 4- to 2-phase converter that can beused, for example, in the circuit of FIG. 59.

FIG. 62 illustrates an embodiment of the acknowledge logic block fromFIG. 58.

FIG. 63 illustrates an exemplary 4-input C-element having ignorableinputs that can be used, for example, in the acknowledge logic block ofFIG. 62.

FIG. 64 illustrates a second C-element having ignorable inputs.

FIG. 65 illustrates an exemplary arbiter circuit that can be used, forexample, in the output multiplexer circuit of FIG. 58.

FIG. 66 illustrates a grant circuit that can be used, for example, inthe arbiter circuit of FIG. 65.

FIG. 67 illustrates a converter circuit that can be used, for example,in the arbiter circuit of FIG. 65.

FIG. 68 illustrates a T-flip-flop that can be used, for example, in theconverter circuit of FIG. 67.

FIG. 69 shows in greater detail the data multiplexers from the data andcontrol logic of FIGS. 58 and 59.

FIG. 70 illustrates in tabular format the five modes of the outputmultiplexer circuit of FIGS. 58-69.

FIG. 71 illustrates how the logic block of FIGS. 14 and 19 can be usedto implement an “IF” function using Gate mode.

FIG. 72 illustrates how the logic block of FIGS. 14 and 19 can be usedto implement a “FI” function using Merge mode.

FIG. 73 provides an example of how the IF and FI functions can be usedto implement an If/Else statement.

FIG. 74 provides an example of how the IF and FI functions can be usedto implement a looping function.

FIG. 75 illustrates how the logic block of FIGS. 14 and 19 can be usedto implement a TOGGLE function using Gate mode and the arbiter circuit.

FIG. 76 provides an example of how the IF, FI, and TOGGLE functions canbe used to replicate logic.

FIG. 77 illustrates how the logic block of FIGS. 14 and 19 can be usedto implement an ARBIT (arbitration) function using Merge mode and thearbiter circuit.

FIG. 78 provides an example of how the ARBIT function can be used toshare logic between two data paths.

FIG. 79 illustrates how the logic block of FIGS. 14 and 19 can be usedto implement a COUNTER function using Feedback mode.

FIG. 80 illustrates how the logic block of FIGS. 14 and 19 can be usedto implement a MEMORY function using Feedback mode.

FIG. 81 illustrates an alternative bus-based logic block that can beused to build an IC having highly flexible multiplier capability in afashion similar to the examples shown above.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention is applicable to a variety of integrated circuits(ICs). An appreciation of the present invention is presented by way ofspecific examples utilizing programmable ICs such as programmable logicdevices (PLDs). However, the present invention is not limited by theseexamples.

Further, in the following description, numerous specific details are setforth to provide a more thorough understanding of the present invention.However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the presentinvention can be practiced without these specific details. In otherinstances, well known features have not been described in detail, so asnot to obscure the invention. For ease of illustration, the samenumerical labels may be used in different diagrams to refer to the sameitems. However, in alternative embodiments the items may be different.

FIGS. 5-11 illustrate a first multiplier circuit (multiply block) 500and provide several examples of how an array of multiplier circuits 500can be combined to create larger multiplexers of different sizes. Asshown in FIG. 5, multiplier circuit 500 includes a uniform array ofsub-circuits, each of which includes a logical AND gate (labeled “&”)and a full adder circuit 501 (FA). The inputs and outputs of each fulladder circuit 501 are shown in FIG. 6, with IN1 and IN2 being theinputs, Ci being the carry input, Co being the carry output, and S beingthe sum output. The uniformity of the array structure may make thisembodiment particularly well-suited to implementation in a programmableIC comprising an array of substantially similar logic blocks.

Note that in the present specification, the term “substantially similar”is understood to mean similar to the extent that each substantiallysimilar element includes the same internal elements, e.g., sub-circuits,adder circuits, logical AND gates, multiply block, lookup table, storageelements, and so forth. When substantially similar elements areprogrammable, they are programmed in the same fashion (e.g., using thesame programming interface), but may be programmed to perform differenttasks. Substantially similar elements may have a single layout, steppedand repeated, but this is not always the case. Further, the addition ofsmaller elements (e.g., buffers, capacitors, etc.) to one or moreotherwise similar blocks and/or structures does not prevent the blocksand/or structures from being considered “substantially similar”.

The multiplier circuit of FIG. 5 implements the arithmetic function:(Y[7:0]*Z[7:0])+X[7:0]=P[7:0]where the output P[7:0] comprises the lower eight bits of the output ofthe function. Multiple copies of multiplier circuit 500 can be combinedto implement larger multipliers, as will now be described.

FIG. 7 illustrates how a single instance of the multiplier circuit ofFIG. 5 can be used to implement an 8×8-bit (8-bit by 8-bit) unsignedmultiplier having inputs A[7:0] and B[7:0] and 8-bit output O[7:0].A[7:0] and B[7:0] drive the two multi-bit inputs Z[7:0] and Y[7:0] ofthe multiplier circuit 500-1 (&/FA ARRAY). All eight bits of the thirdmulti-bit input X[7:0] are tied to ground (“0”). The output P[7:0] ofthe multiplier circuit 500-1 provides the lower eight bits of themultiplier output O[7:0]. Note that the “slash” across an arrow orsignal line in all figures herein indicates a multi-bit signal, or bus.In FIGS. 7-11 and many of the other figures herein, a bold arrow or lineis also used to indicate a bus. However, in some figures a bold arrow orline is used for some other purpose, as is described in connection withthese figures.

The M-bus input along the bottom of the array (the “partial productbus”) is the method by which partial products are passed from onemultiplier circuit 500 to another, as shown in FIGS. 9-11. In theexemplary multiplier of FIG. 7, all 15 bits of the M-bus input Mi[14:0]are tied to ground, as only one instance of multiplier circuit 500 isused.

FIG. 8 illustrates how two instances of multiplier circuit 500 can becombined to create an 8×8-bit unsigned multiplier with a 16-bit outputO[15:0]. The lower eight bits of the output, O[7:0], are provided byinstance 500-1, as in the embodiment of FIG. 7. The partial product bitsare passed on the M-bus from instance 500-1 to instance 500-2, whichproduces and provides the upper eight bits of the output, O[15:8].

FIG. 9 illustrates how three instances of multiplier circuit 500 can becombined to create an 8×8-bit unsigned multiplier with a 24-bit outputO[23:0]. The lower 16 bits of the output, O[15:0], are provided byinstances 500-1 and 500-2, as in the embodiment of FIG. 7. The partialproduct bits are passed on the M-bus from instance 500-1 to instance500-2, and from instance 500-2 to instance 500-3. Instance 500-3produces and provides the upper eight bits of the output, O[23:16].

FIG. 10 illustrates how four instances of multiplier circuit 500 can becombined to create a 16×16-bit unsigned multiplier with a 16-bit outputO[15:0]. In this embodiment, instances 500-1 and 500-2 are similar tothe like-named instances in FIG. 9, and instances 500-3 and 500-4 areadded. The lower eight bits of input A (A[7:0]) are routed to eachinstance in the left-hand column. The higher eight bits of input A(A[15:8]) are routed to each instance in the right-hand column. Thelower eight bits of input B (B[7:0]) are routed to each instance in thebottom row. The higher eight bits of input B (B[15:8]) are routed toeach instance in the top row. However, the internal connections in theconstruct are less regular in nature than the previous examples, asshown in FIG. 10. For example, the most significant bit of the outputbus P[7:0] of instance 500-1 must be separately routed from the lowerseven bits P[6:0] of the bus. The most significant bit, P[7], is routedto the X[0] input of instance 500-4, while the lower seven bits P[6:0]are routed to the X[7:1] bits of instance 500-3. In other words, theseinternal connections are offset by one bit.

It will be understood that the terms “above” and “below”, “horizontal”and “vertical”, “top” and “bottom”, and so forth as used herein arerelative to one another and to the conventions followed in the figuresand specification, and are not indicative of any particular orientationof or on an integrated circuit or physical die. Further, the terms“column” and “row” are used to designate direction with respect to thefigures herein, and a “column” in one embodiment can be a “row” inanother embodiment.

FIG. 11 illustrates how six instances of multiplier circuit 500 can becombined to create a 16×16-bit unsigned multiplier with a 32-bit output.In this embodiment, instances 500-1 through 500-4 are similar to thelike-named instances in FIG. 10, and instances 500-5 and 500-6 areadded. Inputs X[7:0], Y[7:0], and Z[7:0] of instance 500-5 are all tiedto ground. Output P[7:0] of instance 500-5 provides the most significanteight bits O[31:24] of the 32-bit output O[31:0]. Inputs X[7:1], Y[7:0],and Z[7:0] of instance 500-6 are all tied to ground. Input X[0] ofinstance 500-6 is provided by output P[7] of instance 500-2. OutputP[7:0] of instance 500-6 provides bits O[23:16] of the 32-bit outputO[31:0].

As previously noted, the uniformity of the array structure may make thisembodiment particularly well-suited to implementation in a programmableIC comprising an array of substantially similar logic blocks. Forexample, FIG. 12 illustrates an exemplary IC that can be constructedfrom multiple instances of a multiplier circuit 1200. Multiplier circuit1200 may be similar, for example, to multiplier circuit 500 of FIG. 5.The IC of FIG. 12 can be a mask programmable IC, for example, where themultiplier circuits 1200 are placed in a regular array, but are notinterconnected until a customer defines a desired multiplier or otherarithmetic circuit to be constructed by interconnecting the multipliercircuits, e.g., with metallic wires. In some embodiments, the IC of FIG.12 is field programmable. In other words, rather than being programmedby adding metal interconnect as a final step in the manufacturingprocess, the interconnect wires are already present on the unprogrammedIC. However, the interconnections among the wires and the multiplierblocks are programmed by storing data in memory cells (e.g.,configuration memory cells) included in the IC. Such programmableinterconnections are well known, and are commonly used, for example, inprogrammable logic devices (PLDs) such as CPLDs and FPGAs. In otherembodiments, the IC of FIG. 12 can be an application specific IC (ASIC)that is manufactured in one or more different sizes to accommodate theneeds of a particular system or type of system.

The exemplary IC of FIG. 12 includes an 8×8 array of multipliercircuits, with A & B input pads arranged in banks 1201 at the left edgeof the multiplier array, O output pads arranged in banks 1202 at theright edge of the multiplier array, and power and control pads arrangedin banks 1203 at the top and bottom edges of the array. Horizontalrouting channels 1210 and vertical routing channels 1220 provide thespace necessary to interconnect the multiplier blocks, e.g., in afashion similar to the examples shown in FIGS. 8-11.

In some embodiments, it may be desirable to pipeline the multipliercircuits. This can be accomplished, for example, by adding storageelements SE to the X, Y, and Z inputs, the M-bus, and the P output, asshown in FIG. 13. Thus, FIG. 13 provides an alternative implementation1200-1 of multiplier circuit 1200 that can be used in the programmableIC of FIG. 12. The storage elements SE can be, for example, clockedflip-flops or latches. In some embodiments (not shown), the multiplieris internally pipelined, in addition or as an alternative to adding theillustrated storage elements SE. In some embodiments, storage elementsare added to some, but not all, of the inputs and outputs describedabove. It will be clear to those of skill in the art that pipelining canbe added to, or removed from, various places in the pictured circuitswithout departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.

Note that in the embodiment of FIG. 13, the least significant bit X[0]of input X is separately stored and routed, as is the most significantbit P[7] of output P. This accommodation is made to allow theimplementation of wide arrays as shown, for example, in FIGS. 10 and 11.A second embodiment, which is now to be described, allows all databusses to be routed as a unit. In the second embodiment, all bits ofeach data bus can be collectively stored and routed.

FIG. 14 illustrates a bus-based logic block that can be used to build aprogrammable IC having highly flexible multiplier capability. The logicblock 1400/1200-2 of FIG. 14 can be used, for example, as anotherembodiment of multiplier block 1200 in the programmable IC of FIG. 12.As was previously described, multiplier circuit 500 (see FIG. 5)actually implements a “multiply plus add” function, whereP[7:0]=(Y[7:0]*Z[7:0])+X[7:0]. In the embodiment of FIG. 14, the twofunctions, multiplication and addition, are implemented in two differentportions of the logic block. The multiplication function Y[7:0]*Z[7:0]is performed in the multiplication block 1470, and the subsequentaddition (Y[7:0]*Z[7:0])+X[7:0] is performed in a lookup table circuit1480. Thus, the vertical M-bus interconnecting the multiplier blocksdoes not include the full partial products, but an intermediate sum ofpartial products. However, this bus is still referred to herein as a“partial product bus”.

The embodiment of FIG. 14 has many advantages. While this structure canbe used to perform the same tasks as the embodiment of FIG. 5, manyother arithmetic functions can also be easily implemented using logicblock 1400. Further, many functions in computer software, such asconstructs often used in the C and C++ languages, can also be easilyimplemented. Thus, the embodiment of FIG. 14 is particularly well suitedfor the implementation of user designs in a programmable IC, where theuser designs are specified using a high-level computer language such asC or C++. Software that can be used for this purpose has been described,for example, by David W. Bennett in U.S. Pat. No. 7,315,991 entitled“Compiling HLL into Massively Pipelined Systems”, issued Jan. 1, 2008.

Many examples of how to implement various arithmetic functions andcomputer constructs using the embodiment of FIG. 14 are provided insubsequent figures, and are described below. However, these examples arenot to be interpreted as limiting. Logic block 1400 is highly flexiblein nature, and those of skill in the art will be able to derive manyother applications of the structure upon reading and study of thepresent description and the accompanying drawings.

An important advantage of logic block 1400, and an advantage thatcontributes significantly to the flexibility of the resulting integratedcircuit, is that multipliers of any size (that is, any integral multipleof the size of the multiply block) can be constructed using this logicblock. In other words, a two-dimensional array of any size can be usedto implement a multiplier. (The term “two-dimensional array” as usedherein refers to an array of more than one column and more than onerow.) Previously known multiplier blocks, such as the DSP48 blocks inthe Virtex®-4 and Virtex-5 FPGAs from Xilinx, Inc., can be cascaded inonly one dimension, and require external logic to implement largermultiplier functions.

As was previously described, logic block 1400 can be used, for example,in an IC such as that illustrated in FIG. 12. However, many other ICscan be built using logic block 1400. For example, FIG. 15 illustrates anexemplary field programmable IC that can be implemented using logicblock 1400. FIG. 15 illustrates four tiles 1500 a-1500 d of an exemplaryarrayed programmable IC. The substantially similar logic blocks 1502 areimplemented using logic block 1400. A programmable routing structureinterconnecting logic blocks 1502 includes vertical lines 1504,horizontal lines 1505 and 1507, diagonal lines 1506, and programmableswitch matrices 1501.

In the illustrated embodiment, logic blocks 1502 and programmable switchmatrices 1501 are pipelined, i.e., storage elements are included atvarious points along each interconnect and data line. The storageelements can be clocked flip-flops or latches, for example, and aredenoted in FIG. 15 as cross-hatched boxes 1503. Further, theinterconnect lines in the illustrated embodiment are bus-based. In otherwords, each arrow in FIG. 15 denotes a set of related interconnectlines, e.g., eight bits of a data bus that are routed together as asingle unit. An exemplary interconnect structure suitable for use withthe embodiment of FIG. 15 is described by Steve P. Young in co-pending,commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/174,926, entitled“Integrated Circuits with Bus-Based Programmable InterconnectStructures”, filed Jul. 17, 2008, which is incorporated herein byreference.

In FIG. 14, multi-bit busses are denoted by both a bold signal line, anda slash across the signal line. A bold line around a structure (e.g., amultiplexer symbol or a rectangular box) also denotes a structure thatis duplicated to accommodate a multi-bit bus. Thus, as a generalexample, a multiplexer symbol drawn with a bold line indicates thatthere is one multiplexer for each bit in the bus, and that all of themultiplexers denoted by that symbol are commonly controlled. The carrychain including multiplexers 1409 and 1410 is a special case, as shownin FIG. 16.

FIG. 16 is a bitwise view of logic block 1400 of FIG. 14. Theillustrated logic block includes eight copies 1600-0 through 1600-7 of asub-circuit that includes the logic for one bit of the implementedfunction. Each sub-circuit in the simplified drawing includes fourmultiplexers, each representing one bit of a multi-bit multiplexer fromFIG. 14: input multiplexer 1601 corresponding to multiplexer 1401; inputmultiplexer 1602 corresponding to multiplexer 1402; carry multiplexer1610 corresponding to multiplexer 1410; and multiplexer 1609corresponding to multiplexer 1409. Each lookup table 1650-1 correspondsto one bit of multi-bit lookup table 1450-1 of FIG. 14. Similarly, eachlookup table 1650-2 corresponds to one bit of multi-bit lookup table1450-2.

As shown in FIG. 16, all input multiplexers 1601 are controlled by thesame memory cell 1614, all input multiplexers 1602 are controlled by thesame memory cell 1615, and all multiplexers 1609 are controlled by thesame memory cell 1611. Similarly, all lookup tables 1650-1 arecontrolled by the same memory cells 1612, and all lookup tables 1650-2are controlled by the same memory cells 1613. The eight bits of theseelements can be said to be coupled in parallel. As previously noted, thecarry multiplexers 1610 are a special case, in that they are coupled inseries with one another to implement the carry chain. Also, the carrymultiplexers 1610 are not commonly controlled, because the select inputof each carry multiplexer is coupled to the output of the correspondinglookup table 1650-1.

Note that the number of memory cells coupled to each multiplexer andlookup table in FIG. 16 is purely exemplary. For example, in someembodiments each multiplexer input is controlled by a separate memorycell, e.g., all inputs XIN−1[N−1:0] are commonly controlled by a firstmemory cell, all inputs XIN−2[N−1:0] are commonly controlled by a secondmemory cell, and so forth.

The memory cells can be, for example, FLASH memory cells, configurationmemory cells in a field programmable IC, and so forth. In a maskprogrammable embodiment, the memory cells can be omitted, and theprogramming is performed by permanently coupling the control/selectinputs to power high or ground nodes of the IC by the addition of ametal line. In an ASIC embodiment, the memory cells are also omitted,and the programming is performed by permanently coupling thecontrol/select inputs to power high or ground nodes of the IC as part ofthe overall design. In another ASIC embodiment, the programming isperformed by absorbing the fixed values of the control/select inputsinto the fixed logic of the logic block, e.g., a NAND gate having apower high control/select input is replaced by an inverter, an N-channeltransistor gated by power high is replaced by a short, and so forth. Itwill be clear to those of skill in the art that the present inventionencompasses these and other architectural variations.

Returning now to FIG. 14, it can be seen that some elements of logicblock 1400 appear only once in the logic block, rather than N times. Forexample, multiply block 1440 occurs only once. However, multiply block1440 has two 8-bit data or multiplicand inputs (Z[7:0] and Y[7:0]), a14-bit partial product bus input (Mi[13:0]) and output (Mo[13:0]), andan 8-bit product output. Constant generator circuit 1430 (CONST) andone-hot circuit 1420 (2^K) also occur only once, as do multiplexer 1408and storage element 1418 on the carry chain input. These elements andtheir functions are described later in the present specification.

Logic block 1400 can be functionally divided into four circuits: inputmultiplexer (IMUX) circuit 1460; multiplier circuit 1470; lookup tablecircuit 1480; and output multiplexer (OMUX) circuit 1490.

Input multiplexer circuit 1460 includes three multi-bit multiplexers1401-1403, three multi-bit storage elements (SEs) 1411-1413 coupled tostore the outputs of the three multiplexers, and a constant generatorcircuit 1430, coupled together as shown in FIG. 14. The output ofconstant generator circuit 1430 is a multi-bit value that can be passedto any of the three outputs of the input multiplexer circuit, X[7:0],Y[7:0], and Z[7:0] via input multiplexers 1401-1403 and storage elements1411-1413. Note that in the pictured embodiment, all data busses are8-bit busses. However, it will be clear to those of skill in the artthat busses of any width can be similarly accommodated, in theembodiment of FIG. 14 and in the other embodiments described herein.Also, the number of external inputs to multiplexers 1401-1403 may beother than those shown, and so forth. It will be apparent to one skilledin the art after reading this specification that the present inventioncan be practiced within these and other architectural variations.

Constant generator circuit 1430 serves an interesting purpose that maynot be immediately apparent. Because logic block 1400 is bus-based, thecircuitry controlling each of the bits is commonly controlled throughoutthe logic block. For example, each bit of a multi-bit input multiplexerselects the corresponding bit of the same input bus, 2-input lookuptables 1450-1 and 1450-2 are programmed to perform the same function onthe respective two input bits, and so forth. Therefore, it can bedifficult to place any value other than 00000000 or 11111111 onto a databus without requiring the user to externally supply constants frominput/output blocks, for example. Constant generator circuit 1430overcomes this limitation by allowing a user to provide any 8-bit valueand place that value onto any of the three data inputs to the logicblock via multiplexers 1401-1403. From these inputs, the constant valuecan be routed elsewhere in the device, if desired, by routing theconstant to one of the outputs of the logic block, and hence to thegeneral interconnect structure. This solution can use fewer transistorand consume less area than the more straightforward solution ofseparately controlling each bit of the data bus in the lookup table. Insome embodiments, constant generator circuit 1430 is omitted, or iscoupled to fewer than all of the data inputs to the logic block.

FIG. 17 shows a straightforward implementation that can be used forconstant generator circuit 1430. The circuit simply includes eightmemory cells (MCs) 1700-1707. These memory cells can be configurationmemory cells in a field programmable IC, for example, and the values canbe loaded into the configuration memory cells during a programming step,as is well known. The outputs of the memory cells, CON[7:0], provide themulti-bit output of the constant generator circuit.

Returning again to FIG. 14, note that input multiplexer circuit 1460 isa cascading input structure with respect to input Z[7:0]. In otherwords, input Zi[7:0] (the “cascade input” provided by the Z inputmultiplexer of a logic block immediately below logic block 1400) may beoptionally selected as input Z[7:0], and output Zo[7:0] (the “cascadeoutput”) is provided to the Z input multiplexer of a logic blockimmediately above logic block 1400. This cascade feature can be veryuseful when combining multiple copies of logic block 1400 to createlarge functions, as is later shown and described.

Multiplier circuit 1470 includes a multiply block 1440, one-hot circuit1420, multiplexers 1404-1407, and storage elements 1414-1417, coupledtogether as shown in FIG. 14. The multiplier circuit portion of thelogic block is used to perform some, but not necessarily all, functionsof the multiplication process, as is now described in conjunction withFIGS. 18-32. The remainder of the multiplication process, the additionof partial products, is performed in the lookup table circuit portion1480 of the logic block 1400.

FIG. 18 illustrates a non-uniform multiply block that can be used toimplement multiply block 1440 of FIG. 14. While the uniform array ofmultiplier block 500 of FIG. 5 could be used to implement multiply block1440, there are advantages to omitting some circuits as shown in FIG.18. For example, the multiply block is somewhat smaller due to theomission of one column of full adders, with the final column of fulladders being implemented in one or more logic circuit(s) coupled to themultiply block(s) (i.e., LUT circuit 1480 of FIG. 14). Another advantageis gained by eliminating the 8-bit X[7:0] input bus from the multiplyblock, and providing this input to the lookup table circuit instead. Thelookup table circuit can perform the add function previously performedby the multiplier, but can also perform many other useful functions.Additionally, shifting the final add function to the lookup tablecircuit permits the input and output busses to be routed as a unit,rather than routing one of the bits separately, as described below inrelation to FIG. 22.

Multiply block 1440 includes a non-uniform array of sub-circuits, with 8rows and 8 columns of sub-circuits being included. In the leftmostcolumn, each sub-circuit includes a logical AND gate (labeled “&”). Inthe pictured embodiment, the sub-circuit is a simple implementation of alogical AND gate. In some embodiments, as is later described inconnection with signed multiplication (see FIGS. 30-32), the logical ANDgates in each sub-circuit of this column may have an optionally invertedoutput (i.e., the logical AND gates are programmable to function as NANDgates). In the rightmost seven columns, each sub-circuit includes alogical AND gate (labeled “&”) and a full adder circuit 501 (FA). Thisfull adder circuit may be the same as the full adder circuit 501 ofFIGS. 5 and 6, for example, or it may be a different implementation. Insome embodiments, as is later described in connection with signedmultiplication, the logical AND gates in the top row of sub-circuits mayhave an optionally inverted output. Full adder circuits are well knownto those of skill in the relevant arts.

The multiplier circuit of FIG. 18 implements the arithmetic function:Y[7:0]*Z[7:0]=P[7:0]where the output P[7:0] comprises the lower eight bits of the output ofthe function. Multiple copies of logic block 1400 including multiplyblock 1440 can be combined to implement larger multipliers, as will nowbe described.

FIG. 19 is a simplified depiction 1900 of the logic block of FIG. 14,which is useful in the following examples of how logic block 1400 can beprogrammed to implement various functions. Notice that logic block 1900includes some details of the output multiplexer circuit 1490 that areuseful in depicting the output paths and signals of the logic block. (Inthe present specification, the same reference characters are used torefer to terminals, signal lines or busses, and their correspondingsignals.) As depicted in FIG. 19, output multiplexer circuit 1490includes two multi-bit output multiplexers 1901 and 1902 providingoutputs F and G, respectively, an S-chain (select chain) multiplexer1903, and an arbiter circuit 1904, coupled together as shown in FIG. 19.The functions of these elements are further described below inconjunction with the figures pertaining to the output multiplexercircuit.

The terms “output circuit” and “output multiplexer circuit” as usedherein are used to describe the circuit driving the outputs of theillustrated logic blocks. In the illustrated self-timed circuits, theoutput circuits or output multiplexer circuits provide timing at theoutputs of the logic blocks. However, in some embodiments the timing isprovided by similar circuits inserted at the inputs of the logic blocks,rather than at the outputs of the logic blocks. Or, to think of itanother way, the term “logic block” is intended to include thecombination of an output circuit (e.g., 1490) in a first illustratedlogic block (e.g., 1400/1900), and a logic circuit (e.g., 1480) in asecond illustrated logic block (e.g., 1400/1900), as well as thecombination of a logic circuit and an output circuit illustrated in thesame figure herein.

In this depiction of logic block 1400, a storage element is depicted asa circle containing an “X”. Some circuit elements not essential to theunderstanding of the various examples are omitted from this depiction,for clarity. A multi-bit bus is indicated by a slash mark, rather thanby a bolded line. Reference to FIG. 14 can help to identify whichelements and lines are multi-bit elements.

FIGS. 20 and 21 show two different but similar programmed logic blocksthat can be implemented using logic block 1900. In FIGS. 20 and 21, abolded line indicates a signal or bus path utilized in theimplementation. Both of these logic blocks are used in creating largermultipliers from arrays of logic blocks 1400.

FIG. 20 illustrates how the logic block of FIGS. 14 and 19 can be usedto implement a first multiplier function, MULT1. The input X (ashorthand notation for X[7:0] in the illustrated embodiments) is passedto the first input of LUT 1450-1. The input Zi from the logic blockadjacent below logic block 2000 is passed to the multiply block 1440, asis the Y input. The multiply block is used, multiplying Y*Z, and theoutput of the multiply block is passed to the second input of the firstlookup table (LUT) 1450-1, as well as to the first data input (the “0”input) of the carry multiplexer 1410. The first LUT 1450-1 is programmedto implement an exclusive-OR function. The carry in input Ci is passedto the second data input (the “1” input) of the carry multiplexer 1410.The second LUT 1450-2 is programmed to implement an exclusive ORfunction. The output of the second LUT 1450-2 is passed to the F outputas output P, or P[7:0]. The Y input is passed through to the G output asoutput Y, or Y[7:0].

FIG. 21 illustrates how the logic block of FIGS. 14 and 19 can be usedto implement a second multiplier function, MULT2. Logic block 2100 issubstantially similar to logic block 2000. However, in logic block 2100,the Z input is provided from the left, rather than on the Z cascadechain from the logic block adjacent below logic block 2100. As will beapparent to those of skill in the art, the Z input may in actuality comefrom any direction (left, right, above, or below), but the depictionillustrated in FIG. 21 clearly shows that the Z input does not come fromthe Z cascade input Zi, but from another source.

FIG. 22 illustrates how six instances of logic block 1400 can be used toimplement a 16×16-bit unsigned multiplier having inputs A[15:0] andB[15:0] and a 32-bit output O[31:0]. Input bits A[7:0] drive the Z inputof the lower left logic block (2100-1), which is configured as a MULT2block (the Z input bits come from the left side of the logic block aspictured in FIG. 21). Input bits A[15:8] drive the Z input of the lowerright logic block (2100-2), which is also configured as a MULT2 block.Note that all other logic blocks 2000-1 through 2000-4 (i.e., all logicblocks above the bottom row) are configured as MULT1 blocks (the Zinputs come from the adjacent logic block below, in FIG. 22 as part ofthe “ZMCi” input bus). Thus, the Z input for all logic blocks in theleft-hand column is A[7:0], and the Z input for all logic blocks in theright-hand column is A[15:8].

The Y input for each logic block in the bottom row is B[7:0], with the Yvalue being fed through the logic block on the left to the logic blockon the right (see FIG. 21 for the Y feedthrough). Similarly, the Y inputfor each logic block in the middle row is B[15:8], and the Y input foreach logic block in the top row is all zeros. Each initial bit of theZMCi bus (consisting of the Z-bus, the M-bus, and the carry chain inputCi) is tied to ground. Bits O[7:0] of the output are provided by logicblock 2100-1; bits O[15:8] of the output are provided by logic block2100-2; bits O[23:16] of the output are provided by logic block 2000-3;and bits O[31:24] of the output are provided by logic block 2000-4.

One advantage of the embodiment of FIG. 14 may now be discerned bycomparing the multiplier implementation of FIG. 22 with the multiplierimplementation depicted in FIG. 11. Both implementations provide a16×16-bit multiplier with a 32-bit output. However, in theimplementation of FIGS. 5 and 11, as previously described, the leastsignificant bit X[0] of input X is separately stored and routed, as isthe most significant bit P[7] of output P. In the embodiment of FIGS. 14and 22, each internal data bus in the multiplier structure can betreated as a unit. Therefore, all bits of each bus can be collectivelystored and routed, e.g., as shown in FIG. 22. To put it another way, allbits in each internal N-bit data bus in the multiplier originate at thesame first logic block and terminate at the same second logic block.Thus, the routing software for the embodiment of FIGS. 14 and 22 may besimpler and faster in execution than the routing software for theembodiment of FIGS. 5 and 11. Further, the routing layout is simpler andfaster to implement, because all of the signals in the bus can be routedtogether.

FIG. 23 illustrates how three instances of logic block 1400 can be usedto implement a 16×16-bit unsigned multiplier having inputs A[15:0] andB[15:0] and a 16-bit output O[15:0]. The lower 16 bits of the productoutput are provided in this embodiment. A comparison of FIGS. 22 and 23reveals that the multiplier of FIG. 23 includes a portion of themultiplier of FIG. 22, with the logic blocks not needed to produce thelower 16 bits of the output being removed. Note also that one less logicblock is needed to implement the 16×16-bit multiplier with a 16-bitoutput than in the embodiment of FIG. 10, for example.

FIG. 24 illustrates how 20 instances of logic block 1400 can be used toimplement a 32×32-bit unsigned multiplier with a 64-bit output. Forclarity, FIG. 24 introduces a new notation, in which the 8-bit busA[7:0] is labeled “A0”, bus A[15:8] is labeled “A1”, bus A[23:16] islabeled “A2”, and so forth. Similar notation is used for the B input andthe 0 output of the multiplier.

The implementation of FIG. 24 includes four instances of logic block2100 (2100-1 through 2100-4) and 16 instances of logic block 2000(2000-1 through 2000-16), coupled together as shown in FIG. 24. Thearray of logic blocks can conceptually be divided into two separateportions. The first portion of the array includes the lower 16 logicblocks (logic blocks 2100-1:4, 2000-1:3, 2000-5:7, 2000-9:11, and2000-13:15). This portion of the array receives the two multiplicandsA[31:0] and B[31:0], provides a multi-bit partial product bus, andprovides the lower 56 bits of the product output (O[55:0] or O6-O0). Thesecond portion of the array includes the top row of logic blocks. Thisportion of the array receives the partial product bus from the firstportion, and provides from the partial product bus the upper eight bitsof the product output (O[63:56] or O7).

FIG. 25 illustrates how ten instances of logic block 1400 can be used toimplement a 32×32-bit unsigned multiplier having inputs A[31:0] andB[31:0] and a 32-bit output O[31:0]. The lower 32 bits of the productoutput are provided in this embodiment. A comparison of FIGS. 25 and 24reveals that the multiplier of FIG. 25 includes a portion of themultiplier of FIG. 24, with the logic blocks not needed to produce thelower 32 bits of the output being removed.

FIG. 26 illustrates how the implementation of FIG. 25 can be “folded” toproduce a more rectangular design, improving the efficiency with whichthe multiplier can be combined with other circuits. In this example,logic block 2100-4 is moved to a location above logic block 2000-9. Ofcourse, the connections must remain intact to maintain the integrity ofthe design.

FIG. 27 illustrates how 14 instances of logic block 1400 can be used toimplement a 32×32-bit unsigned multiplier with a 32-bit output, wherethe output includes the 32 higher order bits of a 64-bit product. Theimplementation of FIG. 27 includes four instances of logic block 2100(2100-1 through 2100-4) and 10 instances of logic block 2000 (2000-1through 2000-10), coupled together as shown in FIG. 27.

FIG. 28 illustrates an exemplary way in which the implementation of FIG.27 can be “folded” to produce a more rectangular design. In thisexample, logic block 2100-4 is moved to a location to the left of logicblock 2100-3. Of course, the connections must remain intact to maintainthe integrity of the design. It will be clear to those of skill in theart that the implementation of FIG. 27 can be “folded” in other ways,e.g., by moving logic blocks 2000-1 and 2100-1 to locations below logicblock 2100-2. Non-rectangular multiplier implementations can often be“folded” in one or more ways to produce a more rectangular design, as inthese examples, or to otherwise fit the available space in an array oflogic blocks. Therefore, the remaining exemplary embodiments illustrateonly the most straightforward physical configuration for theimplementation.

FIG. 29 provides an example of a multiplier having inputs of twodifferent sizes. FIG. 29 illustrates how 10 instances of logic block1400 can be used to implement a 16×32-bit multiplier, where the outputincludes all 48 bits of a 48-bit product. The implementation of FIG. 29includes two instances of logic block 2100 (2100-1 and 2100-2) and eightinstances of logic block 2000 (2000-1 through 2000-8), coupled togetheras shown in FIG. 29.

The preceding examples have all shown how to implement various unsignedmultipliers. However, signed multipliers may also be used in arithmeticcomputations. When only the lower “T” bits of the output are used, withT being the number of bits in the smallest operand, the multipliersalready shown will work for both signed and unsigned multiplication.However, when the output has more than T bits, a signed multiplierimplementation differs from that of an unsigned multiplier. Therefore,FIGS. 30-32 illustrate three different embodiments in which a logicblock similar to logic block 1400 is used to implement signedmultipliers. The three embodiments of FIGS. 30-32 use three differentmethods of signed multiplication: the sign extension method; theoptional NAND method; and a combination of the sign extension method andthe optional NAND method. All three embodiments implement a 16×16-bitsigned multiplier with a 32-bit output using the logic block of FIGS.20-21, although minor changes may be required to the multiply block, aswill be described.

In the sign extension method, the most significant bit (MSB) of eachmultiplicand is extended to the left by 16 bits. For example, if the MSBA[15] of input A[15:0] is a “1”, the value “11111111” becomes two newmost significant bytes A[31:24] and A[23:16] of the A input. Similarly,for example, if the MSB B[15] of input B[15:0] is a “0”, the value“00000000” becomes two new most significant bytes B[31:24] and B[23:16]of the B input. A 32×32-bit multiplication is then performed, and the 32lower bits of the output become the 32-bit product output.

FIG. 30 shows how the sign extension method can be applied to implementa 16×16-bit signed multiplier having a 32-bit output. External logicblocks (e.g., other logic blocks 1400 in the array) are used toimplement the sign extension logic, which in the pictured example isimplemented as 8-bit multiplexers 3001, 3002. The B sign extension isperformed by multiplexer 3001, which passes an all ones value when theB[15] bit is high (e.g., when the value of the B1 byte is greater than127), and otherwise passes an all zeros value. The A sign extension isperformed by multiplexer 3002, which passes an all ones value when theA[15] bit is high (e.g., when the value of the A1 byte is greater than127), and otherwise passes an all zeros value. The compare functions canbe implemented in another copy of logic block 1400, for example, usingone of the exemplary compare methods later shown and described herein.The 32×32-bit multiplication is carried out by the array including logicblocks 2100-1 through 2100-4 and 2000-1 through 2000-6, coupled togetheras shown in FIG. 30.

Note the similarities between the signed multiplier of FIG. 30 and theunsigned 32×32-bit multiplier of FIG. 25. The array of MULT and MULTBblocks is unchanged; only the sign extension logic is added. Therefore,the multiply block used in this embodiment can be the same as multiplyblock 1440 of FIG. 18, for example.

FIG. 30 illustrates the case where a 32-bit output is desired. When a16-bit output is desired, the 16-bit output being the lower 16 bits ofthe product, no sign extension is necessary. The signed multiplier cansimply be implemented as shown in FIG. 23. This conclusion can easily beunderstood by reference to FIG. 30, in which it is clearly seen that thelogic blocks having the sign-extended bytes as inputs are not used inproducing the lower 16 bits (O1 and O0) of the output.

The sign extension method has the advantages of not requiring anyadditional logic in the multiply block (e.g., the multiply block of FIG.18 can be used “as is”) and being straightforward of execution. However,the number of logic blocks required to do signed multiplication is muchlarger than when performing unsigned multiplication. The number of logicblocks necessary to implement a signed multiplier can be reduced byusing either of the two following alternative methods.

FIG. 31 shows how the optional NAND method can be applied to implement a16×16-bit signed multiplier having a 32-bit output. No external logicblocks are needed for this implementation, but some changes to themultiply block are required. Briefly, the multiply block 1440 can bemade programmable to add an optional inversion to the AND output in eachsub-circuit in the left column and the top row, as shown in FIG. 31.FIGS. 31 and 32 may be more easily understood by noting that a 16-bitsigned input (for example) includes one signed byte, and one unsignedbyte (the least significant byte). Therefore, a signed multiplication ofmultiple bytes includes both signed, unsigned, and partially signedmultiplication functions. Thus, the ability to programmably elect tohave either, both, or neither 8-bit input as a signed input permits thesame logic block/multiply block to be used throughout the multiplier. Toput it another way, the availability of independent signed and unsignedoptions for the two multiplier inputs enables the use of an array ofsubstantially similar programmable logic blocks to create large signedmultipliers of virtually any size.

When only the Z input of a multiply block is signed, all logical ANDgates in the leftmost column are inverted. In the embodiment of FIG. 31,the logical AND gates in the leftmost column are inverted by programmingthe multiplexers 3102 to select the output of the inverters 3101, ratherthan the output of the AND gates. The programming is controlled by avalue stored in memory cell Zsu. Memory cell Zsu can be, for example, aconfiguration memory cell in a programmable logic device, or some othertype of memory cell. When only the Y input is signed, all logical ANDgates in the topmost row are inverted in a similar fashion. Theprogramming of the topmost row is controlled by a value stored in memorycell Ysu. Memory cell Ysu can be, for example, a configuration memorycell in a programmable logic device, or some other type of memory cell.

When both of the Z and Y inputs are signed, all logical AND gates inboth the leftmost column and the topmost row are inverted, except forthe logical AND gate in the top-left sub-circuit. Because of the doubleinversion, the output of this logical AND gate remains the same whenboth inputs are signed. In the pictured embodiment, exclusive OR (XOR)gate 3103 is driven by both memory cells Zsu and Ysu, and controls themultiplexer that selects between the true and inverted AND outputs.

An additional change necessary to implement the multiplier in thisembodiment is the addition of the value “1” (“00000001” for an 8-bitmultiplier block) in logic block 2100-1 at the upper left corner ofarray of logic blocks (see FIG. 31).

Note that the methods employed in FIG. 31 to provide a scalable signedmultiplier can also be applied to the multiply block of FIG. 5. In otherwords, each sub-circuit in the leftmost column and the topmost row ofFIG. 5 can be amended to have a programmably invertible logical ANDgate, as shown in the embodiment of FIG. 31, and an exclusive OR gatecan be included in the top-left sub-circuit for the case where twosigned numbers are being multiplied together.

These programmable logic blocks can be combined and programmed asnecessary to create larger multipliers, e.g., as shown in FIG. 31. Theembodiment of FIG. 31 includes four copies of logic block 2100 and twocopies of logic block 2000, coupled together as shown in FIG. 31. Thestates of these logic blocks are indicated as shown in Table 1. For easeof reference, FIG. 18 shows the multiply block included in thereferenced logic blocks, which are shown in FIGS. 20-21. Note that notall of the states shown in Table 1 are actually used in the examplesillustrated herein. However, the multiplier circuit of FIG. 31 utilizeslogic blocks having two signed inputs (2000YZ), two unsigned inputs(2100), a first signed input and a second unsigned input (2100Z), and afirst unsigned input with a second signed input (2000Y).

TABLE 1 Label Logic Block 2000 Logic block 2000 (no inverted ANDs) 2000YLogic block 2000 with the Y input signed (top row of ANDs inverted)2000Z Logic block 2000 with the Z input signed (left column of ANDsinverted) 2000YZ Logic block 2000 with both inputs signed (top row &left column of ANDs inverted, except for top-left AND) 2100 Logic block2100 (no inverted ANDs) 2100Y Logic block 2100 with the Y input signed(top row of ANDs inverted) 2100Z Logic block 2100 with the Z inputsigned (left column of ANDs inverted) 2100YZ Logic block 2100 with bothinputs signed (top row & left column of ANDs inverted, except fortop-left AND)

FIG. 32 shows a third option that constitutes a compromise between thesign extension of FIG. 30, which may consume large numbers of logicblocks, and the optional AND inversion of FIG. 31, which requires whatmay be considered too many additions to the multiply block. In thecompromise method of FIG. 32, the B/Y input is sign-extended, andoptional NAND gates are used for the A/Z input. Therefore, the outputsof the leftmost column of logical AND gates are optionally inverted.Note that the top-left logical AND gate is not a special case in thisembodiment, further simplifying the implementation of the multiplyblock.

An external logic block (e.g., another logic block 1400 in the array) isused to implement the sign extension logic, which in the picturedexample is implemented as 8-bit multiplexer 3201. The B sign extensionis performed by 8-bit multiplexer 3201, which passes an all ones valuewhen the B[15] bit is high (e.g., when the value of the B1 byte isgreater than 127), and otherwise passes an all zeros value. The comparefunction can be implemented in another copy of logic block 1400, forexample, using one of the exemplary compare methods later shown anddescribed herein.

When the Z input of a multiply block is signed, all logical AND gates inthe leftmost column are inverted. An additional change necessary toimplement this embodiment of the multiplier is the addition of the value“10000000” in logic blocks 2000-1 and 2000-3 in the left column of thearray. The 32×16-bit multiplication is carried out by the arrayincluding seven logic blocks, as shown in FIG. 32. The states of theselogic blocks are indicated as shown in Table 1.

Returning once again to FIG. 14, the ability to configure the multipliercircuit as a bit shifter is conferred by the addition of one-hot circuit1420 (2^K), which provides an output that is all zeros except for a “1”in one selectable bit position. In other words, one-hot circuit 1420implements a 2^K function, with the value of K being selectable. Byselecting a bit position for the “1” output, and selecting the output ofone-hot circuit 1420 to provide the first multiplicand of multiply block1440 (e.g., by programming multiplexer 1404), the multiply block can beconfigured to perform a left-shift of the second multiplicand by K bits.In the pictured embodiment, in which the output of the one-hot circuitis eight bits wide, K can have a value from zero to seven, inclusive.The combination of the Z-bus and one-hot circuit 1420 allows the logicblock of FIG. 14 to be used to implement large shifters, as shown inFIG. 50 and as described in conjunction with this figure.

In some embodiments, one input of the multiplier can be set to anall-zeros value (e.g., by appropriately programming multiplexer 1404 inFIG. 14). This option can be selected, for example, when the Z-bus isused but multiply block 1440 is unused. Thus, a changing value on theZ-bus does not cause the multiply block to change state, therebyreducing the power consumption of multiplier circuit 1470.

FIGS. 33-35 illustrate three exemplary implementations of one-hotcircuit 1420. FIG. 33 shows an implementation 1420A in which the threeleast significant bits of the Z[7:0] input are decoded using logical ANDgates 3300-3307 to produce the one-hot output OH[7:0]. The upper fiveinput bits Z[7:3] are ignored. FIG. 34 shows a second implementation1420B in which the 8-bit one-hot output value OH[7:0] is simply storedin eight memory cells (3400-3407). The memory cells can be configurationmemory cells in a programmable IC, for example. FIG. 35 shows a thirdimplementation 1420C in which only three values are stored in memorycells 3500-3502, and the value is decoded by logical AND gates3500-3507.

By setting a value of K=0, the output of one-hot circuit 1420 can be setto 00000001 (2^0=1). By selecting this option, the multiply circuit isconfigured to pass the value Y[7:0] to the output of multiply block1440. Multiplying by “1”, of course, yields an identity function.

In the pictured embodiment, multiplier circuit 1470 of FIG. 14 can alsobe configured to pass the value Z[7:0] to the output of multiply block1440, by programming multiplexer 1405 to select a 00000001 value as thesecond multiplicand.

Further, as has been shown in many illustrated multiplier embodiments inthe figures herein, it is common to provide an all-zeros value to theM-bus to initialize the M-bus chain. To simplify this process,multiplier circuit 1470 of FIG. 14 includes a multiplexer 1406 that canoptionally select an all-zeros value to pass to the M-bus input ofmultiply block 1440. Alternatively, the M-bus input Mi[13:0] is providedby the Mo[13:0] output of the logic block adjacent below.

It has been amply demonstrated that multiple copies of the logic blockof FIG. 14 can be used to implement various multipliers, using themultiply block and the lookup tables to perform the multiplication stepsand the addition of the resulting partial products. However, lookuptable circuit 1480 can also be used to implement many other functions,such as addition and subtraction, compare functions, large shiftfunctions, and so forth. It will also be demonstrated that logic block1400 is well suited to the implementation of software constructs such asif-then statements, while loops, and memory functions. Thus, thestructure of FIG. 14 well also provides a logic block well suited forcompute-intensive applications.

FIGS. 36-50 provide examples of how the logic block of FIGS. 14 and 19can be used to implement various arithmetic functions other thanmultiplication.

FIG. 36 illustrates how the logic block of FIGS. 14 and 19 can be usedto implement an addition function, ADD (3600). The X input is passed tothe first input of LUT 1450-1. The Y input is passed to the second inputof LUT 1450-1, as well as to the first data input (the “0” input) ofcarry multiplexer 1410. The first LUT 1450-1 is programmed to implementan exclusive-OR function. The carry input (“0” for a first copy of logicblock 3600) is passed to the second data input (the “1” input) of thecarry multiplexer. The second LUT 1450-2 is programmed to implement anexclusive OR function between the carry input and the output of thefirst LUT 1450-1. The output of the second LUT 1450-2 is passed to the Foutput as output S, or S[7:0]. The output S is the sum of the X and Yinputs, with the overflow being carried out on the Co output.

As shown in FIG. 36, logic block 3600 implements an 8-bit adder. Tobuild wider adders, multiple copies of logic block 3600 can be cascadedusing the carry chain. The carry input is “0” for the first logic block,as previously noted, and input Ci for subsequent blocks.

FIG. 37 illustrates how the logic block of FIGS. 14 and 19 can be usedto implement a subtraction function, SUB. Logic block 3700 is similar tologic block 3600. However, the first LUT 1450-1 is programmed toimplement an exclusive-NOR function instead of an exclusive-OR, and thecarry input is “1” for a first copy of logic block 3700. The output S isthe result of the subtraction of input X from input Y, with the overflowbeing carried out on the Co output.

As shown in FIG. 37, logic block 3700 implements an 8-bit subtractor. Tobuild wider subtractors, multiple copies of logic block 3700 can becascaded using the carry chain. The carry input is “1” for the firstlogic block, as previously noted, and input Ci for subsequent blocks.

FIG. 38 illustrates how the logic block of FIGS. 14 and 19 can be usedto implement an equal compare function, ECMP (3800). This function worksfor both signed and unsigned inputs, and also when one input is signedand other input is unsigned. Note that a “signed” input herein isassumed to be in two's complement notation. As is well known, in two'scomplement notation a negative number is created by inverting each bitin the number and then adding a “1” value (e.g., adding 00000001 in theillustrated embodiments.) A negative number always has a “1” as the mostsignificant bit (MSB).

In logic block 3800, the X input is passed to the first input of LUT1450-1, and the Y input is passed to the second input of LUT 1450-1. Thefirst LUT 1450-1 is programmed to implement an exclusive-NOR function.The first data input (the “0” input) of the carry multiplexer 1410 is a“0”. The carry input (“1” for a first copy of logic block 3800) ispassed to the second data input (the “1” input) of the carrymultiplexer. The output of the carry multiplexer 1410 is passed to theCo output as the result of the compare function.

Logic block 3800 functions as follows. Because of the exclusive NORfunction in LUT 1450-1, the output of LUT 1450-1 will be high wheneverthe X and Y inputs are equal, and low whenever any two corresponding Xand Y bits are not equal. Therefore, the first unequal pair of bitscauses a “0” to be placed on the carry chain. A “0” placed on the carrychain at any point is propagated to the carry out Co of the logic block.Thus, output Co is “1” if the X and & inputs are equal, and “0” if theyare not equal.

Larger compare functions can be built by placing additional copies oflogic block 3800 above the initial logic block, and selecting the Ciinput as the carry chain input for these subsequent logic blocks.

Note that the output of this compare function, as well as the otherillustrative compare functions shown and described herein, appears onthe Co output. As can be seen from the logic block diagram in FIG. 38and many other figures herein (e.g., see FIG. 19), the Ci input canoptionally be used as a select input for the two output multiplexers1901 and 1902. Therefore, the Co output can be used in a logic blockadjacent above the instant logic block, to select one of two possibleoutput values for outputs F and G. Exemplary situations in which thisarrangement proves useful are shown in FIGS. 43 and 45, and described inconjunction with these figures. In other situations, the Co output canbe routed through the above-adjacent logic block (e.g., from input Cithrough the second LUT 1450-2 and one or both of output multiplexers1901 and 1902) to the F and/or G output.

FIG. 39 illustrates how the logic block of FIGS. 14 and 19 can be usedto implement a first unequal compare function, UCMP (3900). Thisfunction only works for unsigned inputs. In the embodiment of FIG. 39,the X input is passed to the first input of LUT 1450-1, and the Y inputis passed to the second input of LUT 1450-1, as well as to the firstdata input (the “0” input) of the carry multiplexer 1410. As in theembodiment of FIG. 38, the first LUT 1450-1 is programmed to implementan exclusive-NOR function. The carry input is passed to the second datainput (the “1” input) of the carry multiplexer. The initial carry inputis “0” when the compare function being implemented is X<Y, and “1” whenthe compare function being implemented is X<=Y. The output of the carrymultiplexer 1410 is passed to the Co output as the result of the comparefunction.

Logic block 3900 functions in a similar fashion to the equal comparisonof FIG. 38. However, when two corresponding X and Y bits are not equal,the Y bit is placed on the carry chain. Thus, if Y is larger than X, theY bit is “1”, and a “1” is placed on the carry chain. Similarly, if Y isless than X, the Y bit is “0”, and a “0” is placed on the carry chain.

As previously noted, when the comparison being implemented is “X<Y”, theinitial value on the carry chain is a “0”. This value will be changed toa “1” (indicating that X is indeed less than Y) only when the two bitsare unequal and Y is a “1”. However, when the comparison beingimplemented is “X<=Y”, the initial value on the carry chain is a “1”.This value will be changed to a “0” (indicating that X is more than Y,i.e., that X<=Y is not true) only when the two bits are unequal and Y isa “0”.

FIG. 40 illustrates how the logic block of FIGS. 14 and 19 can be usedto implement a function, SCMP (4000), that can be used when implementinga signed unequal compare (see FIGS. 42-43). Logic block 4000 is similarto logic block 3900. However, in addition to the functions of the UCMPlogic block, the output of first LUT 1450-1 is provided to the F output,and the Y input is provided to the G output.

FIG. 41 illustrates another function, a first multiplexer function MUX1,that can be used when implementing a signed unequal compare (see FIGS.42-43). Logic block 4100 implements a multiplexer with two data inputs Cand Y, and a select input Z. Referring to FIG. 16, it can be seen thatthe C input is an 8-bit bus input having the Ci input of the logic blockas the least significant bit C[0], and the subsequent bits on the carrychain as the C[1] through C[7] bits of the carry chain.

FIGS. 42 and 43 provide two different views of a signed unequal comparefunction (A<B). FIG. 42 is a logical view, and FIG. 43 illustrates aspecific implementation that uses the logic blocks of FIGS. 39-41. Theembodiment of FIGS. 42 and 43 only works when both inputs are signed.

As shown in FIG. 42, a signed unequal compare can be logically modeledusing an exclusive-NOR gate and a multiplexer. The most significant bits(MSBs) of the two inputs A and B are the sign bits. Therefore, the MSBsof the two inputs are compared using exclusive-NOR gate 4201. If the twoMSBs are the same (i.e., if the output of exclusive-NOR gate 4201 ishigh), then either both inputs are positive (or zero), or both inputsare negative. In either case, the unsigned unequal compare of FIG. 39can be used to provide the result (e.g., see logic block UCMP of FIG.39). Therefore, the unsigned unequal compare output (“Compare Co”) isselected by multiplexer 4202. However, since the result in thisembodiment is active low, the unsigned unequal compare output isinverted to provide the result. That is, the MSB of the result is highif A<B is not true, and low if A<B is true.

However, if the two MSBs are different (i.e., if the output ofexclusive-NOR gate 4201 is low), then one of the inputs is positive andone is negative. In this situation, the sign bit of the B input is usedas the compare output. Thus, if the B MSB is low (i.e., the B input ispositive and the A input is negative), then the compare output (Result)′is low, because A<B. If the B MSB is high (i.e., the B input is negativeand the A input is positive), then the compare output (Result)′ is high,because A<B is false.

Thus, FIG. 42 illustrates a signed compare function that checks for A<B.

FIG. 43 illustrates how the signed unequal compare function of FIG. 42can be implemented using the logic blocks of FIGS. 39-41. Theexclusive-NOR gate 4201 is implemented as an “SCMP” logic block 4000-1(see FIG. 40) having the A input as the X logic block input and the Binput as the Y logic block input. If A and B each have more than eightbits, additional bits of the comparator can be implemented by adding oneor more copies of the “UCMP” logic block 3900-1 coupled together inseries. The Co output of these logic blocks provides the “Compare Co”value shown in FIG. 42.

The SCMP logic block 4000-1 has two outputs, F and G. The F output oflogic block 4000-1 provides the output of the exclusive NOR (XNOR) gateto the select input of the multiplexer via the Z input of logic block4100-1. The G output is the same as the B input to the SCMP logic block(see FIG. 40), and drives the Y input of the MUX1 block 4100-1. Inanother embodiment, the B input drives the Y input of block 4100-1directly. However, in the illustrated embodiments each data bus can havea fanout of only one, so a copy of input B is made by traversing logicblock 4000-1, as shown.

The MUX1 logic block 4100-1 is used to implement multiplexer 4202 ofFIG. 42. The two data inputs are X (01111111) and Y (B), and the Z input(Co from logic block 4000-1) controls the selection. Note that theinversion of the Compare Co value (denoted by a bubble in FIG. 42) isperformed in lookup table 1450-2 of logic block 4100 (see FIG. 41). Theresult is provided (in active low form) on the MSB of the F output oflogic block 4100-1.

FIG. 44 illustrates how the logic block of FIGS. 14 and 19 can be usedto implement a second multiplexer function, MUX2. In logic block 4400 ofFIG. 44, the carry in input Ci is used to select between the X and Yinputs, with the selected value being placed on the F output. The Zinput is also selected and placed on the Z-bus, appearing on the Zooutput of the logic block.

FIG. 45 illustrates an exemplary adder/subtractor that can beimplemented using the logic blocks of FIGS. 20, 38, and 44. Theexemplary circuit of FIG. 45 performs the following function:

If (IN1=IN2)S=A−BelseS=A+B

The equals comparison is performed in ECMP logic block 3800-1. If IN1equals IN2, the carry out Co is high. In the MUX2 logic block 4400-1, ahigh value on carry in input Ci selects the Y input (a value of negativeone) as output F. If IN1 is not equal to IN2, the carry out Co is low.In the MUX2 logic block 4400-1, a low value on carry in input Ci selectsthe X input (a value of positive one) as output F. In multiplier (MULT1)logic blocks 2000-1 through 2000-4, the value B is multiplied by eitherpositive one or negative one, with the positive or negative one beingsupplied via the Z-bus from below. The addition of either B or -B to Ais performed in the lookup table circuits of MULT1 logic blocks 2000-1through 2000-4, and the result S of the addition is provided on the Poutputs of the MULT1 logic blocks.

FIG. 46 illustrates another way in which the logic block of FIGS. 14 and19 can be used to implement a multiplexer function, MUX3, that can beused, for example, in implementing a large shifter circuit. Logic block4600 selects between inputs X and Y, with the selected input beingsupplied to both F and G outputs as selected value M. Therefore, thismultiplexer implementation can be used for fanout as well as to performthe select function. The selection is controlled in a first occurrenceof the logic block by the carry in input Ci, and in subsequentoccurrences by the same value, carried vertically by a vertical S-chain,i.e., from Si to So.

FIG. 47 illustrates how the logic block of FIGS. 14 and 19 can be usedto implement a one-bit compare function, BCMP, that can be used, forexample, in implementing a large shifter circuit. Logic block 4700compares an input Y against an input X. Input X can be a constant, forinstance, in which only one bit is a “0”, and all other bits are “1”s.Each bit of the Y input is compared to a corresponding bit of the Xinput. The Y bits corresponding to the “1” bits of the X input areignored, because the “1” of the X input drives the output of the ORfunction in LUT 1450-1 high regardless of the value of the correspondingY bit. Only the bit corresponding to the “0” bit of the X input istested. If the value of the Y bit is also “0”, a “0” is placed onto thecarry chain and is carried out to the output. If the value of the Y bitis a “1”, a “1” on the carry chain is passed on to the next adjacentcarry multiplexer through the carry chain. The Y input is also fannedout to both the F and G outputs.

FIG. 48 illustrates how the logic block of FIGS. 14 and 19 can be usedto implement a first bitwise shift function, SHFT1, that can be used,for example, in implementing a large shifter circuit. As noted above inconnection with FIGS. 33-35, the logic block of FIG. 14 can beconfigured as a bit shifter using one-hot circuit 1420. One-hot circuit1420 provides an output that is all zeros except for a “1” in oneselectable bit position. In other words, one-hot circuit 1420 implementsa 2^K function, with the value of K being selectable. By selecting a bitposition for the “1” output, and selecting the output of one-hot circuit1420 to provide the first multiplicand of multiply block 1440 (e.g., byprogramming multiplexer 1404 in FIG. 14), the multiply block can beconfigured to perform a left-shift of the second multiplicand by K bits.In the pictured embodiment, in which the output of the one-hot circuitis eight bits wide, K can have a value from zero to seven, inclusive.

In the embodiments of FIGS. 48 and 49, one-hot circuit 1420 isimplemented as shown in FIG. 33, and is therefore controlled by thethree least significant bits (LSBs) of input Z. Depending on the valuesof these three bits, the Y value is multiplied by one of 00000001,00000010, 00000100, and so forth. In other words, the Y input is shiftedleft by 0-7 bits. The output P is provided to both the F and G outputsto provide an optional fanout capability.

FIG. 49 illustrates how the logic block of FIGS. 14 and 19 can be usedto implement a second bitwise shift function, SHFT2, that can be used,for example, in implementing a large shifter circuit. Logic block 4900is similar to logic block 4800 of FIG. 48, except that the Z input comesfrom an external input instead of the logic block adjacent below, a zerois placed on the carry chain instead of Ci (or a “0” can be provided tothe Ci input), and the output P is only placed on the F output.

FIG. 50 illustrates how an exemplary 40-bit shifter can be implementedusing the logic blocks of FIGS. 46-49. The shifter circuit of FIG. 49shifts five bytes of data by from zero to 39 bits, the number of bitsbeing determined by a value SHIFT[7:0]. The three LSBs (bits 2-0) ofSHIFT[7:0] are decoded in logic blocks 4900-1 and 4800-1 through 4800-4,and shift the inputs IN by from zero to seven bits. Bits 5-3 ofSHIFT[7:0] are each compared to a constant having a zero only in thatbit. For example, bit SHIFT[5] is compared to “0” in BCMP logic block4700-1. If SHIFT[5] is “1”, the Co output of logic block 4700-1 is high,and the 40-bit input value IN is shifted by four bytes (32 bits) in MUX3blocks 4600-1 through 4600-5. If SHIFT[5] is “0”, the Co output of logicblock 4700-1 is low, and the 40-bit input value IN is not shifted, butis simply passed to the right, to the next multiplexer column.Similarly, bit SHIFT[4] is compared to “0” in BCMP logic block 4700-2.If SHIFT[4] is “1”, the Co output of logic block 4700-2 is high, and thevalue is shifted by two bytes (16 bits) in MUX3 blocks 4600-6 through4600-10. If bit SHIFT[4] is “0”, the value is not shifted. Finally, ifSHIFT[3] is “1”, the Co output of BCMP logic block 4700-3 is high, andthe value is shifted by one byte (8 bits), to generate the 40-bit outputbus OUT. Otherwise, the value is not shifted.

The exemplary 40-bit shifter of FIG. 50 includes 23 logic blocks. Itwill be clear to those of skill in the art that similar shifters oflarger or smaller sizes can be implemented using similar techniques. Forexample, a 24-bit shifter uses 11 logic blocks, and a 64-bit shifteruses 35 logic blocks. Further, the comparisons and shifts need not beperformed in the order shown, i.e., the columns can be “shuffled”, ifdesired. It will be clear to those of skill in the art that this aspectof the present invention can be implemented using these and many otherarchitectural variations.

The shifter circuit of FIG. 50 provides an example of a type of shifterincluding a column of shift blocks, at least one compare block, and atleast one column of multiplexer blocks. In the pictured embodiment, theshift blocks, the compare blocks, and the multiplexer blocks are allimplemented by programming substantially similar logic blocks tofunction in these capacities. The logic blocks are bus-based, i.e., theyhave N-bit data inputs and N-bit data outputs, N being an integergreater than one, and operate on the bussed data as an N-bit bus. Thus,the shifter circuit of FIG. 50 provides an example of how a bus-basedarchitecture can be used to implement bit-wise functions, i.e., a bitcompare and a bit shift.

The exemplary circuits that have so far been described can beimplemented using a logic block 1400/1900 in which the storage elementsare clocked flip-flops or latches, i.e., the logic block is synchronous.For example, FIG. 51 shows a simple example of synchronous pipeliningsuch as can be used in these logic blocks. Flip-flops 5101 and 5102 cancorrespond to the storage elements (SEs) 1411-1419 in FIG. 14, forexample, while datapath 5103 can correspond to the logic between thesestorage elements. For example, flip-flop 5101 can be storage element1411, flip-flop 5102 can be storage element 1419, and datapath 5103 canbe LUTs 1450-1 and 1450-2. As another example, flip-flop 5101 can bestorage element 1416 on the MBUS input, flip-flop 5102 can be the samestorage element 1416 in the logic block located above the pictured logicblock, and datapath 5103 can be 8×8 multiply block 1440. Flip-flops5101-5102 can be any flip-flop having a data input D, an output Q, and aclock signal OK. Flip-flops, latches, and synchronous logic are wellknown to those of skill in the relevant arts. Therefore, further detailsof the synchronous embodiments are not described herein.

Alternatively, the storage elements of FIGS. 14 and 19 can beimplemented using asynchronous or self-timed logic, as shown in thefollowing figures and described in connection with these figures.

Asynchronous or self-timed logic does not use a clock signal. Instead,the circuit includes latches at various points along the datapath. Eachlatch only changes state when the previous latch on the datapath signalsthat it has new data ready and the next latch on the datapathacknowledges that it has received the previously-sent data and is readyto receive new data. Thus, each data signal is typically accompanied bytwo other signals: a ready signal traveling in the same direction as thedata, and an acknowledge signal traveling in the opposite direction.However, the logic block of FIG. 14 is bus-based. Therefore, fewer readyand acknowledge signals are required than in most self-timed logic,because the same ready and acknowledge signals are used to control dataflow for all eight bits of the data bus.

FIG. 52 illustrates a logic element commonly used in self-timed logic: aC-element. Briefly, a C-element has two or more inputs and an output. Aslong as the values of the inputs are different, the output of theC-element does not change. When all inputs go high, the output goeshigh. When all inputs go low, the output goes low. This behavior isshown in tabular form in FIG. 53, for a 2-input C-element.

The C-element implementation of FIG. 52 includes P-channel transistors5201-5202, N-channel transistors 5203-5204, and inverters 5205-5206,coupled together as shown in FIG. 52. When inputs RDY_IN and ACK_IN areboth high, internal node 5207 is pulled low through transistors5203-5204, the low value is latched by inverters 5205-5206, and outputOUT goes high. When inputs RDY_IN and ACK_IN are both low, internal node5207 is pulled high through transistors 5201-5202, the high value islatched by inverters 5205-5206, and output OUT goes low. When inputsRDY_IN and ACK_IN have two different values, the value in the latch doesnot change, so output OUT does not change value.

FIG. 54 illustrates an alternative logic element that can also be usedin self-timed logic. The C-element of FIG. 54 is similar to that of FIG.52 and also exhibits the behavior shown in FIG. 53. However, inverter5205 is replaced by a more complicated structure including P-channeltransistors 5401-5403 and N-channel transistors 5404-5406, coupledtogether as shown in FIG. 54. In the embodiment of FIG. 54, the feedbackpath of the latch is turned off whenever the C-element is changingstate. For example, when both inputs RDY_IN and ACK_IN go low, thepullup path through transistors 5401-5403 turns on at the same time thepulldown path through transistors 5404-5406 turns off. Similarly, whenboth inputs RDY_IN and ACK_IN go high, the pulldown path throughtransistors 5404-5406 turns on at the same time the pullup path throughtransistors 5401-5403 turns off. Therefore, the value stored in thelatch is easily overwritten, whether the stored value is a one or a zerovalue.

Asynchronous logic is typically implemented using either 4-phase or2-phase handshake logic. “Handshake logic” is a term commonly used todescribe the ready/acknowledge control circuitry in asynchronouscircuits.

In 4-phase handshake logic, only one edge of the triggering signal(either ACK_IN or RDY_IN) is used to enable the transfer of new data tothe data latches, as in the circuit of FIG. 55. In the picturedembodiments, the falling edge of the triggering signal is used to enablethe transfer of new data into the latches. However, it will be clear tothose of skill in the art that the circuitry in the embodiments shownherein could be adapted to use the rising edge of the triggering signalfor this purpose. Further, the ACK_IN and RDY_IN signals can changevalue in either order, or simultaneously. However, in all of thesesituations, in 4-phase mode only the rising or the falling edge of thetriggering input signal, and not both, enables a transfer of new data tothe latches.

In 2-phase handshake logic, both rising and falling edges of thetriggering input signal (either ACK_IN or RDY_IN) are used to enable thetransfer of new data to the data latches, as in the circuit of FIG. 56.The ACK_IN and RDY_IN signals can change value in either order, orsimultaneously. However, in all of these situations, in 2-phase modeboth rising and falling edges of the triggering input signal enable atransfer of new data to the latches

FIG. 55 illustrates one way in which 4-phase handshake logic can be usedto implement the storage logic in the logic block of FIG. 14. Boldedlines and slash marks are used in FIGS. 55 and 56 to denote multi-bitsignals and circuit elements. Latches 5501 and 5502 can correspond tothe storage elements (SEs) 1411-1419 in FIG. 14, for example, whiledatapath 5503 can correspond to the logic between these storageelements. For example, latch 5501 can be storage element 1411, latch5502 can be storage element 1419, and datapath 5503 can be LUTs 1450-1and 1450-2. As another example, latch 5501 can be storage element 1416on the MBUS input, latch 5502 can be the same storage element 1416 inthe logic block located above the pictured logic block, and datapath5503 can be 8×8 multiply block 1440. Latches 5501-5502 can be any latchhaving a data input D, an output Q, and an enable signal EN.

When each data signal has corresponding ready and acknowledge signals,the datapath itself can be used to time the data. However, the logicblocks described herein are bus-based, with a single ready signal and asingle acknowledge signal being used to control all bits of the databus. Therefore, a delay element 5504 is used to match the delay of theslowest path through the datapath 5503, as shown in FIG. 55. A firstC-element 5505 checks for a high value on the RDY_IN input and a lowvalue on the output of C-element 5506. (The circle on the ACK_IN inputof C-elements 5705-5706 indicates that the ACK_IN input is inverted onentering the C-element. This inverter is not shown in FIGS. 52 and 54,in order not to obscure the explanation of the C-element functionality.)Once the corresponding RDY_IN is high and ACK_IN is low, the output ofthe C-element goes high, enabling the corresponding latch to pass newdata.

FIG. 56 illustrates one way in which 2-phase handshake logic can be usedto implement the storage logic in the logic block of FIG. 14. Thehandshake logic shown in FIG. 56 is the same as that of FIG. 55, exceptthat the enable signals EN are derived from both the OUT signal and theACK_IN signal of the corresponding C-element. The enable input EN oflatch 5501 is driven by XNOR (exclusive-NOR) gate 5607, which is turn isdriven by the output of C-element 5505 and the ACK_IN input of C-element5505. Similarly, the enable input EN of latch 5502 is driven by XNORgate 5608, which is turn is driven by the output of C-element 5506 andthe ACK_IN input of C-element 5506.

FIG. 57 illustrates how the 2-phase handshaking circuit of FIG. 56 canbe applied to the horizontal handshake logic for the lookup tablecircuit of FIG. 14. Datapath 5503 includes the lookup table circuitportion of FIG. 14. Thus, datapath 5503 includes eight copies of circuit5701 (5701-0 through 5701-7). Latch circuit 5502 includes eight latches1419 (1419-0 through 1419-7), driven by the 8-bit output of the secondlookup table 1450-2 and providing the lookup table output bus LO[7:0].C-element 5506 and XNOR gate 5608 correspond to the like-numberedelements of FIG. 56. Note that the eight latches 1419 are commonlycontrolled by a single handshake circuit, as shown in FIG. 57.

Datapath delay match circuit 5504 illustrates how the delay through theLUT circuit 5701 can be accurately compensated, although the paththrough the datapath 5503 differs depending on how the lookup tablecircuit is configured. For example, the carry chain can be utilized ordisabled. Clearly, if the carry chain is included in the user circuitimplemented in the datapath, the carry chain imposes an additional datadelay. The delay from the carry chain within the logic block is matchedby delay match element 5723 (CCh DM). Thus, the delay from the carrychain within the logic block can be optionally ignored by configuringthe C-element within the delay match element for the second LUT (LUT2 DM5724) to ignore the output of delay match element 5723. Examples ofC-elements with an optional delay capability are provided in FIGS. 63-64and described in conjunction with these figures.

Further, the output circuit for the carry output of the logic blockimposes another additional delay. This delay is matched by another delaymatch element (Co DM 5725).

Additionally, the Y/MULT input (the output of multiplexer 1407 in FIG.14) can be utilized in the first lookup table (LUT1 or 1450-1) orignored. For example, when the first LUT implements only an inverter ora feedthrough path for the X input, the Y input is not used. In thesecases, the delay on the Y/MULT input path is irrelevant to matching thedatapath delay. Therefore, the delay of the Y/MULT input path is matchedby delay match element 5721 (Y/MULT DM), and can be optionally ignoredby the C-element in the delay match element for the first LUT (LUT1 DM5722).

FIG. 58 illustrates in more detail output multiplexer circuit 1490 ofFIGS. 14 and 19. In the pictured embodiment the output multiplexercircuit includes: two data and control blocks 5810-1 and 5810-2, one foreach of the two outputs F and G of the logic block; one acknowledgelogic block 5820; an optional 2- to 4-phase converter 5811; a data delaymatch element 5812 and an acknowledge delay match element 5813; and theselect chain logic, which includes select multiplexer 5814, select readymultiplexer 5818, arbiter block 5830, latch 5815, C-element 5817, andoptional exclusive-NOR gate 5816. These elements are coupled together asshown in FIG. 58.

The circuit of FIG. 58 performs multiple functions. Firstly, as has beenpreviously shown and described, the circuit provides two outputmultiplexers (see elements 1901 and 1902 in FIG. 19) which are includedin the data and control blocks 5810-1 and 5810-2. These outputmultiplexers can be dynamically controlled, i.e., they are controlled bya signal So (driven by latch 5815) that can change value during theoperation of the circuit. Secondly, the circuit includes timing andcontrol logic for the datapath that flows from left and right throughlogic block 1400 (see FIG. 14), as well as for the vertical select chainshown at the right side of FIG. 19. Thus, this circuit implements manycomplex functions that provide additional functionality for the logicblock, as is described below in conjunction with FIG. 69 and thefollowing figures.

The circuit of FIG. 58 may be considered as including three differentfunctional areas: data and control logic; acknowledge logic; and logicassociated with the vertical select chain. Data and control blocks5810-1 and 5810-2 may be two copies of the same circuit, 5810. Inaddition to the output multiplexers, these blocks include control logicthat controls the horizontal and vertical data flow through the logicblock. Data and control blocks 5810-1 and 5810-2 are shown and describedin connection with FIGS. 59-61. Acknowledge logic block 5820 is shownand described in connection with FIGS. 62-64.

As previously noted, the select chain logic includes select datamultiplexer (S-MUX) 5814, select ready multiplexer (R-MUX) 5818, arbiter5830, latch 5815, C-element 5817, and optional exclusive-NOR gate 5816(which is only needed when using 2-phase handshake logic). Multiplexers5814 and 5818 are controlled by configuration memory cells (not shown inFIG. 58, for clarity). In one embodiment, both multiplexers arecontrolled by the same memory cells, because the data and ready signalsare used in tandem. For example, when the Si input is selected bymultiplexer 5814, the related select ready input S_RDY_IN is used as theselect ready in signal. Similarly, when the arbiter input A_DATA isselected by multiplexer 5814, the arbiter ready signal A_RDY is selectedby multiplexer 5818. Signals Z[7] and Z_RDY_IN are similarly paired, asare signals Ci and C_RDY_IN.

Latch 5815, C-element 5817, and exclusive-NOR gate 5816 can be the same,for example, as the similar elements shown in FIG. 56. Arbiter 5830 mayuse any appropriate implementation. However, FIGS. 65-68 provide anexemplary arbiter implementation that can be used in the picturedembodiment. Signal S_ACK_IN is the select acknowledge signal from thelogic block above the pictured circuit, and S_RDY_IN is the select readysignal from the logic block below the pictured circuit. The select readyoutput signal, S_RDY_OUT, is generated by C-element 5817 and goes to thelogic block above.

The select acknowledge output signal S_ACK_OUT for the logic block belowis not the same as signal S_RDY_OUT in this embodiment, because theS-chain has not finished processing new data until the data from thehorizontal datapath has also been processed. Therefore, in the picturedembodiment signal S_ACK_OUT is generated by acknowledge logic block 5820(see also FIG. 62). The select acknowledge output signal, S_ACK_OUT,does not need a de-multiplexer in the pictured embodiment. Instead, thesingle S_ACK_OUT signal is routed to all four destinations, i.e., thesources of the four signals A_RDY, Z_RDY_IN, C_RDY_IN, and S_RDY_IN. TheS_ACK_OUT signal is simply ignored at the three unused destinations. Forexample, when the Si input is used to feed the select chain, theS_ACK_OUT signal is ignored at the origin of the A_DATA, Z[7], and Ciinputs. FIGS. 63 and 64 provide examples of how a C-element can bedesigned to ignore an acknowledge input. In other embodiments, ade-multiplexer is included in the output multiplexer circuit. In theseembodiments, the S_ACK_OUT signal is only sent to the used destinations,and the three unused outputs of the de-multiplexer are held high.

The select chain logic also includes optional 2- to 4-phase converter5811, data delay match element 5812, and acknowledge delay match element5813, coupled together in series as shown in FIG. 58. Optional 2- to4-phase converter 5811 is only needed when using 2-phase handshakelogic, and not when the select ready output signal S_RDY_OUT is alreadyin 4-phase format. Data delay match element 5812 matches the delay ofthe select signal moving upward along the S-chain, between the previouslatch on the S-chain (in the logic block below) and the latch in thepresent circuit. The output of data delay match element 5812 isdesignated SRD1. Acknowledge delay match element 5813 matches the delayof the acknowledge path for the S-chain. The output of acknowledge delaymatch element 5813 is designated SRD2. Delay elements 5812 and 5813 areincluded to ensure that the receipt of new data is not acknowledged, andthe readiness to send new data is not indicated to the next destinationon the datapath, until after the new data has actually been received andlatched. The delay elements may be implemented as inverter chains, forexample, or as logic chains that mimic the logic actually encounteredwhen traversing the data and acknowledge paths.

The need to balance delays, as demonstrated by the presence of delayelements 5812 and 5813, illustrates the desirability of having about thesame delay between each latch along the horizontal datapath, thevertical select chain, and the vertical M-bus. If there is a long delaybetween the output of a logic block and a latch in the interconnectstructure, for example, data may be “backed up” in the logic block,waiting for an acknowledge signal from the interconnect structure. Thus,the speed of operation of the integrated circuit will be determined bythis slowest portion of the path. Hence, it is desirable to design theentire circuit, logic blocks and interconnect, such that eachlatch-to-latch delay has about the same value. Therefore, for example,the interconnect structure of such an IC may omit very long interconnectlines that, by their very nature, may impose a long delay betweenlatches. Such an interconnect structure may include, for example, only“single” and “double” length lines, rather than lines spanning more thantwo logic blocks, such as are commonly included in known arrayed devicessuch as PLDs. Longer wires are typically included to minimize theperformance cost of routing a signal over a long distance. However, in apipelined PLD, the performance is determined by throughput, not byrouting delay. Hence, long interconnect lines may not be needed in sucharchitectures. In some embodiments, even “double” length lines areomitted.

The select chain can be viewed in another way, as a column of logiccircuits coupled to a vertical cascade chain spanning multiple logicblocks. A column of logic blocks 1900, for example (see FIG. 19) can beconsidered to include a column of logic circuits (e.g., 1480) and avertical cascade chain including the select logic. For example, thevertical cascade chain can include the output multiplexers (e.g., 1901and 1902, which are included in 5810-1 and 5810-2 of FIG. 58), theselect multiplexers (e.g., 1903, 5814), and supporting logic (see FIG.58).

FIG. 59 illustrates an embodiment of data and control logic block 5810of FIG. 58. The path through which the data flows includes multi-bitmultiplexer 5904 and multi-bit latch 5905. The remainder of the data andcontrol logic block provides two control signals CTRL_F_LO (or CTRL_G_LOin block 5810-2) and CTRL_F_Y (or CTRL_G_Y in block 5810-2) that areused in controlling timing for the logic block, and implements thehandshake logic for the horizontal datapath, including enabling latch5905. Multi-bit multiplexer 5904 is also controlled by the two controlsignals CTRL_F/G_LO and CTRL_F/G_Y. When signal CTRL_F/G_LO is high, theoutput LO[7:0] of the lookup table logic is selected and passed to latch5905. When signal CTRL_F/G_Y is high, bus Y[7:0] (see FIG. 14) isselected and passed to latch 5905.

Multiplexers 5901 and 5902 provide the control signals CTRL_F/G_LO andCTRL_F/G_Y under control of several configuration memory cells,including three configuration memory cells M1-M3. Memory cell M1 drivesone select input of multiplexer 5901, memory cell M2 drives one selectinput of multiplexer 5902, and memory cell M3 drives a second selectinput of both multiplexers 5901 and 5902. These multiplexers can passeither signal So, the S-chain output of the logic block, the inverse SoBof signal So, a one value, or a zero value. In some embodiments, the Soand/or SoB inputs to multiplexers 5901 and 5902 can be tied high or low,rather than supplying the high and/or low values directly to themultiplexers as shown in FIG. 59. However, FIG. 59 correctly illustratesthe logical functionality of these embodiments.

When one of control signals CTRL_F/G_LO and CTRL_F/G_Y is high, theselected data bus LO[7:0] or Y[7:0] is passed through multiplexer 5904to latch 5905. When in 2-phase format, data ready input signalsLO_RDY_IN and Y_RDY_IN are converted from 2-phase to 4-phase format by2- to 4-phase converter 5911. One of these two signals is selected inmultiplexer 5903 and is passed as signal RDY to the mode-based gatinglogic 5912 along with the delayed ready signal SRD1. When both controlsignals CTRL_F/G_LO and CTRL_F/G_Y are low, inverters 5906 and 5907provide high values to pulldowns 5908 and 5909, placing a low value onthe output RDY of multiplexer 5903. When both data ready signalsLO_RDY_IN and Y_RDY_IN are high, the output of AND gate 5909, LO_Y_AND,is also high, and this value is also passed to mode-based gating logic5912. The output of mode-based gating logic 5912, MRDY, is converted to2-phase mode by converter 5913, unless 4-phase handshake logic is beingused. C-element 5914 provides the data ready out signal F/G_RDY_OUT tothe destination of the signal, e.g., to corresponding handshake logic inthe interconnect structure that interconnects the logic block with otherlogic blocks in the array. XNOR gate 5910 (included only for 2-phasemode) generates the enable signal for latch 5905. The acknowledge outputsignals for the LO and Y busses are generated by acknowledge logic block5820 in FIG. 58.

The functionality of mode-based gating logic 5912 is described below inconnection with FIGS. 69-70 and the five operating modes of the outputmultiplexer circuit.

Mode-based gating logic 5912, as well as the other control logic in theoutput multiplexer circuit, is simpler for 4-phase handshake signalsthan for 2-phase handshake signals, because the 4-phase signals arelevel-dependent as opposed to the edge-dependent signals of 2-phasehandshake circuitry. Therefore, where 2-phase handshake logic is usedthroughout the circuit, mode-based gating logic 5912, as well as theother control circuitry, can be simplified by converting the handshakesignals to 4-phase mode prior to entering the gating logic, and back to2-phase mode on exiting the gating logic. (However, in other embodimentsthe control logic is implemented using the 2-phase signals directly.)FIGS. 60 and 61 provide exemplary circuitry for performing suchconversions.

FIG. 60 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of 2- to 4-phase converter5911 that can be used, for example, in the circuit of FIG. 59. As iswell known, a 2-phase ready signal can be converted to a 4-phase readysignal simply by exclusive-NORing (XNORing) the 2-phase ready signalwith the corresponding 2-phase acknowledge signal. Thus, exemplary 2- to4-phase converter 5911 includes two XNOR gates 6001-6002. In theexemplary embodiment, 2-phase signals LO_RDY_IN_(—)2ph and LO_ACK_OUTare combined to form the 4-phase ready signal LO_RDY_IN_(—)4ph, and2-phase signals Y_RDY_IN_(—)2ph and Y_ACK_OUT are combined to form the4-phase ready signal Y_RDY_IN_(—)4ph.

FIG. 61 illustrates an exemplary 4- to 2-phase converter 5913 that canbe used, for example, in the circuit of FIG. 59. As is well known, a4-phase ready signal can be converted to a 2-phase ready signal byfeeding the 4-phase ready signal into the clock input of a D flip-flopwith the corresponding ready data output signal as the D input. Thus, Dflip-flop 6107 of FIG. 61 performs the 4- to 2-phase conversion.

However, circuit 5913 also includes another function, which isimplemented by circuit 6110. Circuit 6110 includes transistors 6101-6103and inverters 6104-6105, coupled together as shown in FIG. 61. Circuit6110 is essentially an SR (set-reset) latch where the reset inputoverrides the set input. Thus, in the pictured embodiment, the resetinput SRD1 overrides the set input MRDY (labeled MRDY_(—)4ph in FIG. 61,to emphasize that the signal is a 4-phase signal). In the picturedembodiment, SR latches such as latch 6110 are included on the readypaths for LO, Y, F, and G. (For example, latches similar to latch 6110are included in the 4- to 2-phase converters shown in FIG. 62.) The SRlatches ensure that the ready signals remain inactive until after theselect ready signal arrives and the new select data has stabilized.Therefore, the SR latches are reset by the delayed select ready signal,and not by the select input itself.

FIG. 62 illustrates an embodiment of acknowledge logic block 5820 fromFIG. 58. The acknowledge logic for the LO and Y busses is similar, andincludes an optional 2- to 4-phase converter 6211, mode-based gatinglogic 6212/6222, optional 4- to 2-phase converter 6213, and C-element6214. The data ready signals F_RDY_IN and G_RDY_IN are converted to4-phase format in converter 6211, if not already in 4-phase format.Mode-based gating logic 6212 (for the LO bus acknowledge signal) or 6222(for the Y bus acknowledge signal) uses the control signals from thecorresponding data and control block to generate a signal R or S fromthe converted data ready signals. In some embodiments, the converted Fand G ready signals are latched using an SR latch similar to latch 6110of FIG. 61 prior to being used by gating logic 6212 or 6222. Theselatches are reset by signal SRD1 or SRD2 (SRD2 in the picturedembodiment).

Signal R or S is then converted back to 2-phase format by converter6213, if 2-phase handshake logic is being used. The converted signal CRor CS is combined with the LO or Y, F, and G data ready signals inC-element 6214 to generate the acknowledge output signal LO_ACK_OUT orY_ACK_OUT.

A four-input C-element is similar to a 2-input C-element, such as thatof FIG. 52, for example, except that the output does not go high untilall four inputs are high, and does not go low until all four inputs arelow. C-elements 6214-1 and 6214-2 are different, however, in that threeof the inputs can optionally be ignored, depending on the mode in whichthe output multiplexer circuit is operating. The operating modes for theillustrated output multiplexer circuit are described below in connectionwith FIGS. 69-70.

The acknowledge logic for the S-chain includes optional 2- to 4-phaseconverter 6221, mode-based gating logic 6232, optional 4- to 2-phaseconverter 6213-3, and C-element 6224. The data ready signals F_RDY_IN,G_RDY_IN, LO_RDY_IN, and Y_RDY_IN are converted to 4-phase format inconverter 6221, if not already in 4-phase format. Mode-based gatinglogic 6232 uses the control signals from both data and control blocks togenerate a signal T from the converted data ready signals. In someembodiments, the converted F, G, LO, and Y ready signals are latchedusing an SR latch similar to latch 6110 of FIG. 61 prior to being usedby gating logic 6232. These latches are reset by signal SRD1 or SRD2(SRD2 in the pictured embodiment).

Signal T is then converted back to 2-phase format by converter 6213-3,if 2-phase handshake logic is being used. The converted signal CT iscombined with the S-chain acknowledge signal S_ACK_IN in C-element 6224to generate the S-chain acknowledge output signal S_ACK_OUT. Note thatin this case there is no inversion on the S_ACK_IN input to C-element6224.

In some embodiments, the handshake logic for the S-chain also includesthe capability of internally setting the select acknowledge and selectready signals to values indicating that a token is present, without atoken actually being received by the circuit. To put it another way, theoutput multiplexer circuit can generate its own select token, acapability which can optionally be used, for example, during the initialcycle of feedback mode operation. In some embodiments, a configurationmemory cell independent of the mode control memory cells controlswhether or not the output multiplexer signal internally generates aselect token in an initial cycle, by appropriately setting the ready andacknowledge handshake signals.

As used herein, a “token” may be defined as an indicator of a requestthat has not yet been acknowledged. In the pictured embodiments, a tokenis separate from the related data, and includes a ready signal signalingthat new data is ready (e.g., a high value on an LO_RDY_IN signal from aprevious location on the datapath or chain), and an acknowledge signalacknowledging receipt of the previously-sent signal (e.g., a high valueon an F_ACK_IN signal from a next location on the datapath or chain). Inother embodiments, a token may be implemented in some other fashion.

FIG. 63 illustrates a C-element 6214-1 having ignorable inputs that canbe used, for example, to implement C-elements 6214-1 and 6214-2 in theacknowledge logic block of FIG. 62. The basic C-element functionality isimparted by pullups (P-channel transistors) 6301-6304 coupled in seriesbetween node 6331 and power high VDD, pulldowns (N-channel transistors)6314-6311 coupled in series between node 6331 and ground GND, and thelatch formed by inverters 6321-6322. However, pullup 6302 can bebypassed by turning on P-channel transistor 6305, which is coupled inparallel to transistor 6302. Similarly, pullup 6303 can be bypassedusing P-channel transistor 6306, and pullup 6304 can be bypassed usingP-channel transistor 6307. The pulldowns can also be ignored by turningon other N-channel transistors coupled in parallel with the pulldowns.Pulldown 6314 can be bypassed by turning on transistor 6317. Pulldown6313 can be bypassed by turning on transistor 6316; and pulldown 6312can be bypassed by turning on transistor 6315.

A high value on signal IG_G and a low value on the complement signalIG_GB causes the G_RDY_IN input to C-element 6214-1 to be ignored.Similarly, a high value on signal IG_F and a low value on the complementsignal IG_FB causes the F_RDY_IN input to the C-element to be ignored;and a high value on signal IG_CR and a low value on the complementsignal IG_CRB causes the CR input to the C-element to be ignored. Thus,as previously described, these C-element inputs can optionally beignored, depending on a mode in which the output multiplexer circuit isoperating. The operating modes for the illustrated output multiplexercircuit can be controlled, for example, by the memory cells M1-M3 indata and control blocks 5810-1 and 5810-2 (see FIG. 58), as well asseveral other memory cells throughout the output multiplexer circuit.Therefore, these memory cells can also be used to provide the ignoresignals IG_G, IG_GB, and so forth. As previously noted, the operatingmodes for the illustrated output multiplexer circuit are described belowin connection with FIGS. 69-70.

FIG. 64 illustrates a second C-element 6400 having ignorable inputs. Thecircuit of FIG. 64 can be generated by taking the C-element of FIG. 54and adding transistors 6401-6404 as shown in FIG. 64. As shown, inputINA can be ignored by applying a high value to signal IG_A and a lowvalue to signal IG_AB. The same technique can be applied to C-elementswith more than two inputs, if desired.

FIGS. 65-68 illustrate an exemplary arbiter circuit 5830 that can beused, for example, in the output multiplexer circuit of FIG. 58. Thisarbiter is designed for use with 2-phase handshake logic. Arbiters foruse with 4-phase handshake logic are well known. Thus, if 4-phasehandshake logic is used, one of these known arbiters can be used insteadof the arbiter of FIGS. 65-68. In some 4-phase embodiments, the arbiterof FIGS. 65-68 is used, but converters 6502-1 through 6502-3 areomitted.

An arbiter circuit is essentially an event scheduler. An arbiter circuithas two or more inputs or input channels that it monitors for activity.For example, in the embodiment of FIG. 58, the monitored input channelsare LO (represented by input signals LO_ACK_IN and LO_RDY_IN) and Y(represented by input signals Y_ACK_IN and Y_RDY_IN). Whichever inputchannel first displays signal values indicating the arrival of new datais propagated to the arbiter output (only one of signals GRANT_LO orGRANT_Y goes low). If signal values indicating new data arrive on theother input channel before the first input has been processed, the newsignal is stored until the first process is complete. The second signalis then propagated to the arbiter output in its turn.

FIG. 65 illustrates a top-level schematic for the exemplary arbitercircuit 5830. The arbiter circuit of FIG. 65 includes grant circuit6501, converter circuits 6502-1, 6502-2, and 6502-3, C-elements6503-6504, NAND gate 6505, and inverter 6506, coupled together as shownin FIG. 65.

Converters 6502-1 and 6502-2 convert the LO and Y ready signals(LO_RDY_IN and Y_RDY_IN, respectively) from 2- to 4-phase operation(generating signals LO_RDY_IN_(—)4ph and Y_RDY_IN_(—)4ph, respectively).Converters 6502-1 and 6502-2 also convert the LO and Y acknowledgesignals (LO_ACK_INB_(—)4ph and Y_ACK_INB_(—)4ph, respectively) from 4-to 2-phase operation (generating signals A_LO_ACK_OUT and A_Y_ACK_OUT,respectively). When the arbiter is used, these 2-phase acknowledgesignals may be combined with other acknowledge signals (e.g., LO_ACK_OUTand/or Y_ACK_OUT of FIG. 58) in another C-element before being sent backto the source of the LO and/or Y tokens.

Grant circuit 6501 monitors the two input channels LO and Y, andselectively issues a grant signal (i.e., GRANT_LO or GRANT_Y goes low)to at most one of the two channels, either LO or Y, depending on whichsignal arrives first. Therefore, grant circuit 6501 has three possiblestates: GRANT_LO is high and GRANT_Y is low; GRANT_LO is low and GRANT_Yis high; or GRANT_LO and GRANT_Y are both high. Signals GRANT_LO andGRANT_Y are never both low at the same time. The GRANT_Y signal is alsoused to provide the arbiter data signal A_DATA on behalf of the arbiter.Output A_DATA is the inverse of GRANT_Y. Therefore, if Y is granted,A_DATA is high. If LO is granted, GRANT_Y is high (because at most oneof the data channels can be granted at any one time), and A_DATA is low.Thus, output A_DATA can be used as an indicator as to which channel isgranted, e.g., A_DATA can be used as signal So to drive the outputmultiplexers selecting between LO and Y (see FIGS. 58-59). Note that thevalue of signal A_DATA is ignored unless signal A_RDY is high, so whenneither LO nor Y is granted (i.e., GRANT_LO and GRANT_Y are both high),the resulting low value of signal A_RDY is also ignored.

When the arbiter is used to provide the signal for the S-chain, if twotokens arrive at the same time, and one of the two channels is granted,the data in that channel will be processed first. Once that data hasbeen processed and receipt of the data has been acknowledged, the otherchannel will be granted in its turn. The ready signals from each channelare latched in an SR latch similar to latch 6110 of FIG. 61, forexample, so a high value remains on the ready input until the token isprocessed. This behavior is compatible with that of Merge mode (see FIG.77, which provides an example of arbiter use when the output multiplexercircuit is in Merge mode). In some embodiments, the arbiter can also beused to provide the signal for the S-chain when the output multiplexercircuit is in Gate mode (see FIG. 75, for example). The Merge and Gatemodes are described below in connection with FIGS. 69-70.

Converter 6502-3 converts the select acknowledge signal S_ACK_IN from 2-to 4-phase operation (generating signal S_ACK_IN_(—)4ph), and alsoconverts the select ready signal generated by the arbiter circuit(output A_RDY_(—)4ph of NAND gate 6505) from 4- to 2-phase operation,generating signal A_RDY. When the arbiter is used, signal A_RDY isselected by multiplexer 5818 as the ready input for the S-chain, just asmultiplexer 5814 selects signal A_DATA as the select signal for theS-chain (see FIG. 58). Signal GHIGHB is a reset signal that, when low,initializes the arbiter, as well as other circuits in the IC, to knownvalues. Signal GHIGHB can be used, for example, to keep the logic block,and all inputs and outputs of the logic block, in a known state duringconfiguration of a programmable IC containing the logic block. Thus, theGHIGHB signal can prevent contention and unpredictable behavior of thecircuit during the configuration process.

FIG. 66 illustrates an exemplary implementation of grant circuit 6501 ofFIG. 65. In the pictured embodiment, grant circuit 6501 is a mirroredcircuit; that is, the logic for the LO channel is the same as the logicfor the Y channel. Grant circuit 6501 includes NAND gates 6601-6604,N-channel transistors 6611-6612, and P-channel transistors 6613-6614,coupled together as shown in FIG. 66.

At most one of the two outputs GRANT_LO and GRANT_Y of the grant circuitcan be low at any given time, based on the values of the ready andacknowledge inputs for the two channels. Transistors 6611-6614 togetherform a metastability filter that ensures this behavior. If both inputsto the metastability filter are low, the feedback paths through NANDgates 6601-6602 ensure that one of the two values will go high aftersome period of time. This behavior is sufficient to resolve thecondition in the pictured embodiment, because an occasionalmetastability condition is not a significant liability for a self-timedcircuit, as it might well be for a synchronous circuit. The circuitsimply pauses for a short time, then resumes its functions as soon asthe metastability is resolved.

NAND gates 6603-6604 prevent a next request from propagating to thegrant outputs until after the previous request has reset the acknowledgesignals.

FIG. 67 illustrates an exemplary implementation 6502 of convertercircuits 6502-1 through 6502-3 of FIG. 64. As previously described, in2-phase handshake logic any transition on a ready or acknowledge signalis interpreted as an arriving token (assuming the other signal hasalready experienced the necessary transition). However, in 4-phasehandshake logic, a high level on a ready or acknowledge signal isinterpreted as an arriving token in the pictured embodiments (assumingthe other signal is already high). In other embodiments, not shown, alow level is interpreted as an arriving token in 4-phase handshakelogic. Converter circuit 6502 converts a 2-phase signal (either RDY orACK) from a 2- to a 4-phase signal, and another signal (either ACK orRDY) from a 4- to a 2-phase signal. For a fuller explanation of phaseconversion in handshake logic, see FIGS. 60-61 and the explanationpresented in connection therewith.

Converter circuit 6502 includes T flip-flop (toggle flip-flop) 6701,CMOS pass gates 6702-6703, and inverters 6704-6705, coupled together asshown in FIG. 67. T flip-flop (TFF) 6701 has two outputs O1 and O2, aswell as the inverse O2B of signal O2. Output O1 is the output of themaster latch, and output O2 is the output of the slave latch, as shownin FIG. 68.

FIG. 68 illustrates an exemplary implementation of toggle flip-flop 6701of FIG. 67. The master latch includes a tristate inverter (transistors6805-6808) and NAND gate 6804, with CMOS pass gate 6813. The slave latchincludes a tristate buffer (transistors 6809-6812) and an inverter 6802,with CMOS pass gate 6814. The feedback path passes through inverter6803, providing the inverted value back to the input of the flip-flop.Inverter 6801 is used to generate the complement TB of the toggle inputT.

As previously mentioned, the output multiplexer circuit of FIGS. 58-68can operate in any of five modes. In the pictured embodiment, the choiceof operating mode is determined by the values of the memory cells M1-M3in the two instances of data and control logic 5810, for example, aswell as other memory cells throughout the output multiplexer circuit.FIG. 69 illustrates how the data multiplexers are logically controlled(see also FIG. 59). The multiplexers 5901 and 5902 providing the controlsignals CTRL_F/G_LO and CTRL_F/G_Y are controlled by three memory cellsMl-M3, in addition to other memory cells that are omitted from FIG. 69,for clarity. Memory cells M1 and M2 are unique to multiplexers 5901 and5902, respectively. These memory cells allow the control signals to beset to a low value, i.e., “0” is selected as the multiplexer outputs.Memory cell M3 drives both of multiplexers 5901 and 5902. The value ofmemory cell M3 controls the polarity of the outputs of multiplexer5901-5902. In other words, memory cell M3 controls which of the controlsignals CTRL_F/G_LO and CTRL_F/G_Y goes high in response to a high valueon So, and which of the control signals goes low in response to a highSo value.

Multiplexer 5904 of FIG. 59 is shown in FIG. 69 as a pair of tristatebuffers 6901 and 6902. When the associated enable signal EN (CTRL_F/G_LOor CTRL_F/G_Y) is high, each buffer 6901-6902 is enabled. When theassociated enable signal is low, each buffer 6901-6902 is tristated. Inone embodiment, to prevent the multiplexer output node N1 from floatingwhen both buffers are tristated, the tristate buffers are configuredsuch only one buffer can be tristated at one time. For example, thebuffers can be driven not by signals CTRL_F/G_LO and CTRL_F/G_Y, but bysignals CTRL_F/G_LO and CTRL_F/G_LOB, or CTRL_F/G_Y and CTRL_F/G_YB. Inone embodiment, half of the buffers are driven by CTRL_F/G_LO andCTRL_F/G_LOB and half are driven by CTRL_F/G_Y and CTRL_F/G_YB, in orderto equalize loading. In one embodiment, the two buffers are consolidatedinto the latch 6903 using well known circuit design techniques.

FIG. 70 illustrates in tabular format the five operating modes of the Fand G data paths through the output multiplexer circuit. Note that themodes of the F datapath are illustrated in FIG. 70. However, the modesof the G datapath are the same as the F modes. As shown in FIG. 70, thefive operating modes are designated herein as the Feedthru, Gate, MUX,Merge, and Feedback modes. Each mode also has a selectable polarity(e.g., selected using the M3 memory cell shown in FIG. 69), so each modehas two different sub-modes, which are generally shown as two separatecolumns in FIG. 70.

The first row of the table in FIG. 70 shows the operating mode. Thesecond row shows the sub-mode or selected polarity. For example, thesub-modes of the Feedthru mode cause either the LO data or the Y data tobe passed through the datapath of the output multiplexer circuit. Thus,the two sub-modes are designated “LO→F” and “Y→F”. The third row showswhich input signal is selected by multiplexer (MUX) 5901 in the data andcontrol logic, and the fourth row shows which output is selected bymultiplexer 5902 in the data and control logic. Thus, for example, inFeedthru mode, sub-mode LO→F, the output CTRL_F_LO of MUX 5901 is a highvalue, and the output CTRL_F_Y of MUX 5902 is a low value.

The fifth row of the table shows the equivalent circuit implemented bythe configuration shown in rows 1-4, and the sixth row shows how tokensare treated in each mode and sub-mode. As previously described, in thepictured embodiments a “token” includes a ready signal signaling thatnew data is ready, and an acknowledge signal acknowledging receipt ofthe previously-sent signal. One or more tokens are required for each ofthe five functions corresponding to the five modes to execute in theexemplary output multiplexer circuit. For example, a new value may notbe latched into the F latch until all of the input signals required tocreate that new value have been received by the circuit. The inputtokens are then “consumed”, i.e., in the pictured embodiments thefunction is performed, the associated latch opens and closes again withvalid new data in the latch (with one exception, as described below),the ready out signal goes high indicating the availability of the newdata, and a high acknowledge signal is sent to all sources of the inputdata.

Note that in some cases the sixth row appears to be the onlydifferentiator between two modes (e.g., MUX mode and Merge mode). Thisbehavior is controlled by the way the mode-based gating logic 5912,6212, 6222, and 6232 functions when the circuit is in each of the fiveoperating modes. The control logic behavior is described below, after anexplanation of the five operating modes of the output multiplexercircuit, which are now described.

In Feedthru mode, one of the two data inputs LO and Y is passed through(“fed through”) the datapath to the F or G output latch. Which datainput is selected depends on the memory cells controlling multiplexers5901 and 5902. The selected data input (LO or Y) must provide a tokenprior to implementation of the feedthrough function, and the token isconsumed once the new value is latched. A token is provided at the F orG output. Any token on the unselected data input (Y or LO) does notaffect the result and is consumed. No useful design implementationshould provide a token on the select input (So), as it has no functionin this mode. However, in the pictured embodiment the select input musthave a constant value (e.g., a high value, with the select input beinginitialized high via a half latch), and any token on the select input isignored. Feedthru mode is used to route tokens from the internals of thelogic block to the F and G outputs of the logic block. For example, inlogic blocks 2000 and 2100 of FIGS. 20-21, both the F and G datapathsuse Feedthru mode. In logic blocks 3600 and 3700 of FIGS. 36-37, onlythe F datapath is in use, and the F datapath uses Feedthru mode.

In MUX mode, one of the two data inputs LO and Y is selected by the Soand Sob signals and passed to the F or G output latch. The polarity ofthe So and SoB signals is determined by the values stored in memorycells M1-M3 (see FIG. 69). Both data inputs (LO and Y) and the selectinput So must all provide tokens prior to implementation of themultiplexer function, and all three tokens are consumed once the newvalue is latched. A token is provided at the F or G output. MUX mode isused to select either LO or Y based on the value of a select signal. Inthe pictured embodiment, the select signal can be a dynamic signalprovided from outside the logic block (Si, Ci, or Z[7]) or the arbiterdata output A_DATA. In logic blocks 4100 and 4400 of FIGS. 41 and 44,the F datapath uses MUX mode, with the select signal being signal Z[7]and Ci, respectively. In logic block 4600 of FIG. 46, both F and Gdatapaths are in MUX mode, with the select signal being Ci for a firstlogic block and Si for subsequent blocks in the S-chain.

In Gate mode either of the following actions can occur, depending on thevalue of So: one of the two data inputs LO and Y is passed through tothe F or G output; or no signal is passed to the F or G output. Gatemode is the only mode in which under certain circumstances no outputtoken is provided at the F or G output. Which data input LO or Y istreated as the data input of the “gate” depends on the values stored inmemory cells M1-M3. The select signal (or “gating input”) of the gate issignal So. Tokens must be provided by the data input treated as theinput of the “gate” (LO or Y) and by the select input So prior toperformance of the gating function. A token on the select input So isconsumed. Any token on the unused data input (Y or LO) does not affectthe result and is consumed. A token is provided at the F or G outputonly when the gate is “on”. Gate mode can be used, for example, as a“token sink”, e.g., to allow a token to pass only if selected, andotherwise to consume the token. For example, Gate mode can be used toimplement “if then” software statements. Gate mode can also be used todynamically route a token to one of two logic blocks. Examples of Gatemode use are provided below in connection with FIGS. 71, 73-76, and 78.

Merge mode is similar to MUX mode, except in the way that tokens aretreated. As in MUX mode, one of the two data inputs LO and Y is selectedby the So and Sob signals and passed to the F or G output latch. Thepolarity of the So and SoB signals is determined by the values stored inmemory cells M1-M3. Unlike MUX mode, however, only the selected datainput (LO or Y) and the select input So must provide tokens prior toimplementation of the merge function, and only these two tokens areconsumed once the new value is latched. A token is provided at the F orG output. As in MUX mode, any token on the unselected input (Y or LO)does not affect the current result. However, unlike MUX mode, the tokenon the unselected input is not consumed until the select input Sochanges value and selects the previously unselected input. At thatpoint, the newly selected input is forwarded to the F or G output andthe input token is consumed while a new output token is provided. Thus,Merge mode can be used to merge two data streams. For example, Mergemode can be used to merge two data streams at the end of an “if then”software statement. Examples of Merge mode use are provided below inconnection with FIGS. 72-74 and 76-78.

In the pictured embodiment, Feedback mode is used whenever the F or Goutput is fed back to the lookup table, and the lookup table output LOfeeds the F or G datapath in the output multiplexer circuit. As long asthe feedback path includes at least one logic element having handshakelogic (e.g., a routing multiplexer), handshaking in a feedback loopoperates in the same manner as any other chain of dataflow elements. Thelogic cell of FIGS. 14 and 19 does not include a feedback path.Therefore, in these embodiments the feedback path may be implemented inthe interconnect structure external to the logic block (e.g., see FIG.15). In some embodiments, the logic block includes a dedicated feedbackpath designed to feed the F or G output back to the X input of the logicblock with a minimum delay, e.g., by traversing only one routingmultiplexer. However, when a feedback path is present, it must bepossible to initialize the loop correctly. This is the purpose ofFeedback mode.

In Feedback mode, the output multiplexer circuit behaves differently inan initial cycle than in subsequent cycles through the feedback path. Inthe initial cycle, Y and So tokens are required to generate an outputtoken for F or G. However, as described above, the output multiplexercircuit itself can optionally be used to generate the initial So token.This approach ensures that an initial token can be fed into the feedbackloop, via the Y input. The Y token is consumed after the F or G token isgenerated. In subsequent cycles, one of the two data inputs LO and Y isselected by the So and Sob signals and passed to the F or G outputlatch. The polarity of the So and SoB signals is determined by thevalues stored in memory cells M1-M3. The LO data input and the selectinput So must both provide tokens prior to implementation of thefeedback function, regardless of which data input is selected, and thetokens are consumed once the new value is latched. The Y data input isonly required to provide a token if the Y input is selected. If the Yinput is not selected, any token on the Y input does not affect thecurrent result, and any token on the Y input is not consumed until theselect input So changes value to select the Y input. At that point, theY input is forwarded to the F or G output and the Y token is consumed.Thus, once an initial value has been loaded via the Y input path, thefeedback signal LO is loaded into the F or G output latch repeatedly,until the select input So selects the Y data input. At this point, thenew “initial” value on the Y data input is loaded into the F or G outputlatch.

Feedback mode can be used, for example, to implement a counter oraccumulator. Feedback mode can also be used to implement a tokenreplicator, which is useful when implementing a software loop structuresuch as a for/while loop. Each time an S token arrives, either the lasttoken is replicated (when LO is chosen) or the new token is accepted andacted upon (when Y is chosen). Examples of Feedback mode use areprovided below in connection with FIGS. 79 and 80.

As previously noted, in Feedback mode the output multiplexer circuitbehaves differently in an initial cycle than in subsequent cycles.Clearly, this behavior requires that the control logic correctlydetermine whether or not a current cycle is the initial cycle, andcontrol the datapath logic accordingly. This is only one example of aspecial circumstance that must be accommodated by the control logic. Thecontrol logic, as exemplified by mode-based gating logic 5912, 6212,6222, and 6232 of FIGS. 59 and 62, is best described by delineating therequired behavior for each of these gating logic blocks. Note that thisdescription assumes the ready and acknowledge signals both have apositive polarity; that is, a high ready or acknowledge signal indicatesa ready or acknowledge status. However, it will be clear to those ofskill in the art that one or both of these signals can have a negativepolarity, if desired. As previously described, the control logic can besimplified by converting the ready signals to 4-phase mode prior toproviding them to the control logic, and back to 2-phase mode on exitingthe control logic, if 2-phase mode is used for the handshake logicthroughout the circuit.

Mode-based gating logic 5912 is included in the data and control logicof FIG. 59. Therefore, the output multiplexer circuit includes twocopies of gating logic 5912, one for F and one for G. As shown in FIG.59, the inputs to gating logic 5912 are signal RDY (the data readysignal as modified by control signals CTRL_F/G_LO and CTRL_F/G_Y),signal LO_Y_AND (the output of AND gate 5909), and signal SRD1 (theselect ready signal delayed to match the data delay along the S-chain,see FIG. 58). The output of gating logic 5912 is signal MRDY, as shownin FIG. 59. Mode-based gating logic 5912 behaves as follows.

When in Feedthru mode, output MRDY is the same as signal RDY, and signalCRDY also has the same value as RDY. In other words, the ready input RDYfeeds through to the ready output MRDY (e.g., bypassing the master latchof D flip-flop 6107 in FIG. 61). The other two inputs (LO_Y_AND andSRD1) are ignored. When in MUX mode, gating logic 5912 waits for highvalues at all three inputs, then places a high value on signal MRDY,which goes low again when any of the three inputs goes low. In Merge andMUX modes, gating logic 5912 waits for high values at the RDY and SRD1inputs, then places a high value on signal MRDY, which goes low againwhen either of RDY and SRD1 goes low. In Feedback mode, on the initialcycle, gating logic 5912 waits for signals RDY and SRD1 to go high, thenplaces a high value on signal MRDY, which goes low again when either ofsignals RDY and SRD1 goes low. On subsequent cycles, all of signals RDY,SRD1, and LO_Y_AND must be high for signal MRDY to go high.Additionally, the Y input must be selected by signal So in order forsignal MRDY to go high. MRDY goes low again when any of signals RDY,SRD1, and LO_Y_AND goes low again, or when signal So ceases to selectthe Y input.

Mode-based gating logic 6222 is included in the acknowledge logic ofFIG. 62. Therefore, a single copy of this logic is included in theoutput multiplexer circuit, and is used in generating the acknowledgesignal Y_ACK_OUT for the Y input. As shown in FIG. 62, the inputs togating logic 6222 are signals F_RDY_IN (the data ready signal for the Foutput), G_RDY_IN (the data ready signal for the G output), CTRL_F_Y(the Y control signal for the F output), CTRL_G_Y (the Y control signalfor the G output), and signal SRD1 (the select ready signal delayed tomatch the data delay along the S-chain, see FIG. 58). These signals areconverted to 4-phase mode in 2- to 4-phase converter 6211-2, if notalready in 4-phase mode. The output of gating logic 6222 is signal S, asshown in FIG. 62. Signal S is converted back to 2-phase mode in 4- to2-phase converter 6213-2, if the handshake logic for the circuit is in2-phase mode.

C-element 6214-2 behaves as follows in the five different modes.

When in Feedthru mode, C-element 6214-2 is configured to ignore signalCS, the converted output of mode-based gating logic 6222. SignalF_RDY_IN is also ignored if the F output of the logic cell is not used,that is, if memory cell M2 in F data and control logic 5810-1 is low,selecting no output from F. Similarly, signal G_RDY_IN is ignored if theG output of the logic cell is not used, that is, if memory cell M2 in Gdata and control logic 5810-2 is low, selecting no output from G. InputY_RDY_IN is never ignored by gating logic 6222. When all non-ignoredready signals have arrived (gone high), the output Y_ACK_OUT ofC-element 6214-2 goes high. FIGS. 63 and 64 provide two exemplaryembodiments of a 4-input C-element configured to optionally ignore threeof the four inputs. The ignore control signals can be provided, forexample, by configuration memory cells when the integrated circuit is aprogrammable IC.

For all modes other than Feedthru mode, C-element 6214-2 is configuredto ignore the F_RDY_IN and G_RDY_IN inputs. Instead, C-element 6214-2waits only for high values on the Y ready signal Y_RDY_IN and theconverted signal CS from the mode-based gating logic before drivingoutput Y_ACK_OUT high.

Mode-based gating logic 6222 behaves as follows in the five differentmodes.

In Feedback mode, the behavior of gating logic 6222 is not important, asthe CS signal is ignored by C-element 6214-2.

In MUX mode, gating logic 6222 waits for high values on one or both ofsignals F_RDY_IN and G_RDY_IN, depending on whether or not the F and/orG outputs are used, before driving signal S high. (In the picturedembodiments, at least one of the F and G outputs is always used when inMUX mode, as the default mode for an unused output is Feedthru mode.)Additionally, a high value is required on signal SRD2 before outputsignal S goes high. When signal Y_RDY_IN is also high, C-element 6214-2drives signal Y_ACK_OUT high until one of the active signals goes lowagain.

In Merge mode, gating logic 6222 waits for high values on neither, one,or both of F_RDY_IN and G_RDY_IN, depending on whether or not the Fand/or G outputs are used, before driving signal S high. For the usedoutput(s) (F and/or G), the corresponding control signal(s) (CTRL_F_Yand/or CTRL_G_Y) must also be high for signal S to go high. The highvalues on the control signals are required because a transition onF_RDY_IN or G_RDY_IN does not guarantee that the Y token wasconsumed—the X token could have been consumed instead, since only one ofX and Y is consumed in a data cycle. Lastly, a high value is alsorequired on SRD2 before output signal S goes high. Requiring the SRD2signal to go high last prevents false results from possible glitching onthe CTRL_F_Y and CTRL_G_Y signals. When signal Y_RDY_IN is also high,C-element 6214-2 drives signal Y_ACK_OUT high until one of the activesignals goes low again.

In Gate mode, gating logic 6211 waits for a high value on SRD2 beforedriving signal S high. If the Y input is being passed to the F or Goutput, then the Y acknowledge signal must wait for the F or G outputtoken to be generated. In other words, if one of CTRL_F_Y and CTRL_G_Yis high, then signal S does not go high until signal F_RDY_IN orG_RDY_IN has gone high. If the Y input is not being passed to the F or Goutput, no output token will be generated, but the Y input shouldnevertheless be acknowledged. Therefore, signal S goes high withoutwaiting for signal F_RDY_IN or G_RDY_IN to go high. Once signal S ishigh and Y_RDY_IN is high, C-element 6214-2 drives signal Y_ACK_OUT highuntil one of the active signals goes low again.

In Feedback mode, gating logic 6211 behaves in the same way as in Mergemode.

Mode-based gating logic 6212 is included in the acknowledge logic ofFIG. 62. Therefore, a single copy of this logic is included in theoutput multiplexer circuit, and is used in generating the acknowledgesignal LO_ACK_OUT for the LO input. Mode-based gating logic 6212 behavesin a similar fashion to gating logic 6222 for the Y input. However, theroles of the Y and LO inputs are reversed. Additionally, gating logic6212 uses memory cell M1, rather than M2, to determine whether the F andG outputs are used. As shown in FIG. 66, memory cell M1 is used ingenerating control signal CTRL_F/G_LO, while memory cell M2 is used ingenerating control signal CTRL_F/G_Y.

Another difference between the Y gating logic 6222 and the LO gatinglogic 6212 occurs in Feedback mode. In Feedback mode, LO_ACK_OUT doesnot go high on the initial data cycle. After the initial data cycle,Feedback mode is identical to the Y MUX mode. The reason for thisexception is that on the initial cycle, a token does not yet exist onthe feedback input (X), so no token should be acknowledged by drivingsignal LO_ACK_OUT high.

Mode-based gating logic 6232 is included in the acknowledge logic ofFIG. 62. Therefore, a single copy of this logic is included in theoutput multiplexer circuit, and is used in generating the acknowledgesignal S_ACK_OUT for the select input. As shown in FIG. 62, the inputsto gating logic 6232 are signals F_RDY_IN (the data ready signal for theF output), G_RDY_IN (the data ready signal for the G output), LO_RDY_IN(the data ready signal for the LO input), Y_RDY_IN (the data readysignal for the Y input), CTRL_F_LO (the LO control signal for the Foutput), CTRL_G_LO (the LO control signal for the G output), CTRL_F_Y(the Y control signal for the F output), CTRL_G_Y (the Y control signalfor the G output), and signal SRD1 (the select ready signal delayed tomatch the data delay along the S-chain, see FIG. 58). The four readysignals are converted to 4-phase mode in 2- to 4-phase converter 6221,if not already in 4-phase mode. The output of gating logic 6232 issignal T, as shown in FIG. 62. Signal T is converted back to 2-phasemode in 4- to 2-phase converter 6213-3, if the handshake logic for thecircuit is in 2-phase mode. Mode-based gating logic 6232 functions asfollows.

For all modes except Gate mode, four conditions apply. Firstly, ifmemory cell M1 or memory cell M2 of F stores a high value, then F isbeing used, and signal T is not driven high until signal F_RDY_IN goeshigh. Secondly, if memory cell M1 or memory cell M2 of G stores a highvalue, then G is being used, and signal T is not driven high untilsignal G_RDY_IN goes high. Thirdly, if output select signal So is beingused by the select multiplexer in the next vertically adjacent logicblock, signal T is not driven high until signal S_ACK_IN goes high.Fourthly, once these conditions are satisfied, signal T goes high, and ahigh value on signal S_ACK_IN causes C-element 6224 to drive signalS_ACDK_OUT high.

Gate mode is similar to the other four modes, except that depending onthe value of the control signals (CTRL_F_LO, CTRL_G_LO, CTRL_F_Y, andCTRL_G_Y), the ready signals for LO and Y (LO_RDY_IN and Y_RDY_IN) areused instead of the ready signals for F and G (F_RDY_IN and G_RDY_IN).The reason for this exception is that not every execution of the Gatemode creates an output token, as has already been described. In thecases where no output token is generated, the F and G output tokensclearly cannot be used to generate the select token. Instead, once theinput tokens (the LO and Y) tokens have arrived, the token is consumed,as described above.

Examples are now provided of ways in which each of the remaining modescan be implemented and used in the logic block of FIGS. 14 and 19. Aspreviously noted, Feedthru mode has already been demonstrated in FIGS.20-21 and 36-37, among others. MUX mode is used in FIGS. 41, 44, and 46,for example.

FIG. 71 illustrates one way in which Gate mode can be used in the logicblock of FIGS. 14 and 19. In FIG. 71, the logic block of FIGS. 14 and 19is used to implement an “IF” function using Gate mode. An “IF” functionis a demultiplexing function. In the illustrated logic block 7100, thevalue on the Y input is only passed to one of the two outputs F and G atany given time, depending on the value of the output select signal S.For example, when S is high, the F output provides a valid output token;when S is low, the G output provides a valid output token. The twooutputs are never both valid at any given time.

Note that the lookup tables are unused in logic block 7100. In someembodiments, the available lookup tables are used to implement otherlogic that precedes an “IF” statement in the implemented function. Notealso that while FIG. 71 shows the select input S coming from the Siinput, in some embodiments the select input S can be supplied by Ci orZ[7].

FIG. 72 illustrates one way in which Merge mode can be used in the logicblock of FIGS. 14 and 19. In FIG. 72, the logic block of FIGS. 14 and 19is used to implement a “FI” function using Merge mode, as a “F I”function is a merge function. In the illustrated logic block 7200, oneof the values on the X and Y inputs is passed to both outputs E at anygiven time, depending on the value of the output select signal S. In thepictured embodiment, when S is high, the X input is passed to bothoutputs E. When S is low, the Y input is passed to both outputs E. Insome embodiments (not shown), the selected X or Y input is passed toonly one of the two outputs F or G. However, the pictured embodiment isuseful when the output signal drives more than one destination. Clearly,when handshake logic is present, a single output signal cannot be usedto drive multiple destinations, as a separate output token is requiredfor each destination. Note that while FIG. 72 shows the select input Scoming from the Si input, in some embodiments the select input S can besupplied by Ci or Z[7]. For example, FIG. 73 includes a copy of logicblock 7200 (see block 7200-2) in which the select input is supplied bythe Z[7] input terminal.

FIG. 73 provides an example of how the IF (Gate mode) and FI (Mergemode) functions of FIGS. 71-72 can be used to implement an If/Elsestatement. The Input portion of the logic is indicated by dashed line7301. The output portion of the logic is indicated by dashed line 7302.Block 7303 (the “if logic”) indicates functionality performed under afirst logic condition; and block 7304 (the “else logic”) indicatesfunctionality performed under a second logic condition. The circuit ofFIG. 73 implements the following pseudo-code:

If(A=B)

-   -   IF LOGIC

else

-   -   ELSE LOGIC;

In the exemplary embodiment, logic block 3800-1 is an instance of theequal compare function, ECMP, of FIG. 38. The two 8-bit values A and Bare compared. If A and B are the same, then the carry output signal Coof logic block 3800-1 is high. If A and B are not the same, the carryout signal Co is low.

Feedthrough (FDTHR) logic block 7305 can be implemented, for example,using the ADD logic block shown in FIG. 36. (The feedthrough block 7305should not be confused with the Feedthru mode of the logic block.However, in feedthrough block 7305, the output multiplexer circuit isactually in Feedthru mode. See FIG. 36.) The X input of the feedthroughlogic block is set to a binary 127 (e.g., using constant generatorcircuit 1430 of FIG. 14 to provide a 01111111 value), and the Ci valueis added. If Ci is high, then the most significant bit of the output ishigh (output F, as shown in FIG. 36). If Ci is low, then the mostsignificant bit of the F output is low. The F output is then routed tothe Z input of the FI logic block 7200-2 via pipelined routing 7306,where bit 7 is placed on the S-bus via the Z[7] input. This S valuepasses upward through the X-chain to all logic blocks in the outputlogic 7302. In addition to the logic shown in FIG. 36, the Feedthroughblock also passes the Ci input to the S-bus, as shown in FIG. 73. This Svalue passes upward through the S-chain to all remaining logic blocks inthe input logic 7301. Thus, if A==B, both the input logic and the outputlogic select the If Logic inputs and outputs. Otherwise, both the inputlogic and the output logic select the Else Logic inputs and outputs.Therefore, the circuit functions as shown in the example of computercode shown above.

Note that the exemplary logic has two inputs, Y1 and Y2, and twooutputs, E1 and E2. The first output, E1, appears on both outputs oflogic block 7200-1. The second output, E2, appears on both outputs oflogic block 7200-2. Clearly, other If/Else logic circuits can havedifferent numbers of inputs and/or outputs.

FIG. 73 provides a specific example of a circuit for implementing aconditional statement in a self-timed logic circuit, based in thisexample on the result of a compare function. In other embodiments, acontrol signal other than the result of a compare function can be used.The circuit of FIG. 73 can be described as including first and secondlogic circuits (e.g., If and Else logic circuits 7303 and 7304), aninput circuit 7301, an output circuit 7302, and a pipelined routing path7306. The inputs and outputs of the first and second logic circuits7303, 7304 are self-timed. Input circuit 7301 is coupled to provide aself-timed input signal (F, G of logic block 7100-1 or 7100-2) to theself-timed input of a selected one of the first or second logic circuitsbased on the value of a control signal (Co from logic block 3800-1 orthe S output from logic block 7305), and further coupled to output aself-timed select signal (the F output of logic block 7305). Outputcircuit 7302 is coupled to receive the self-timed output from the firstlogic circuit and the self-timed output from the second logic circuit(at the X and Y inputs of logic block 7200-1 or 7200-2), and to output aselected one of the self-timed outputs based on a value of theself-timed select signal (the Z[7] input of logic block 7200-2).Pipelined routing path 7306 routes the self-timed select signal (the Foutput of logic block 7305) from the input circuit to the outputcircuit.

Looked at another way, input circuit 7301 provides a token with one ofthe first or second outputs based on the value of the control signal,and output circuit 7302 provides an output token with one of the firstor second outputs based on a value of the self-timed enable signalrouted from the input circuit through the pipelined routing path.

In the pictured embodiment, the first and second logic circuits, theinput circuit, and the output circuit are all implemented using theprogrammable logic block of FIGS. 14 and 19, e.g., in an array of thelogic blocks included in an integrated circuit such as a programmableintegrated circuit (PLD). The pipelined routing path is implemented inan interconnect structure interconnecting the logic blocks.

In a synchronous circuit, the number of pipeline stages in the pipelinedrouting path would be the same as the number of pipeline stages in eachof the first and second logic circuits. In the pictured embodiment, thisrestriction does not apply. In order to achieve maximum operatingfrequency, the number of pipeline stages in the routing path ispreferably greater than the larger of the delays through the first andsecond logic circuits, divided by the cycle time of the slowest elementon the corresponding logic path. However, this is not necessary for thecircuit to function correctly.

FIG. 74 provides an example implementation of another common type ofcomputer code: looping. The illustrated implementation uses the IF (Gatemode) and FI (Merge mode) functions to implement the looping function.The implemented code is as follows:

i=INIT;

do {

-   -   LOGIC INSIDE LOOP

} while(i==INIT);

LOGIC OUTSIDE LOOP;

Clearly, the logic inside the loop must be able to modify the value ofthe loop variable “i”, or the loop will be an endless loop.

The FI block 7200-B is configured to select the X input as the initialinput, and the Y input as the input when the select input S is high.However, the IF block 7100-1 is configured to provide an output token tothe F output when the select input S is high, and to the G output whenthe select input S is low. The select inputs S are provided byfeedthrough block 7401, as in the embodiments of FIGS. 72 and 73, basedon results of the comparison performed by equal compare block 3800-1.

During initialization of the circuit, the initial value of the loopvariable “i”, which drives the X input of the FI block 7200-B, is INIT,as shown in the above code. The value of the select input to both FI andIF blocks is high. The loop through the 7100-1 and 7402 blocks providesa potentially new value of the loop variable back to the Y input of theFI block. After the initialization, the FI block selects the output ofthe loop (the Y input) to pass back to the loop, while the IF blockcontinues to pass output tokens through the F output to the logic 7402inside the loop. Note that an initial token must be present on theselect input of the output multiplexer in the FI block 7200-B for theloop to begin operation, because the comparator block 3800-1 cannotgenerate a token until it receives a first value from the FI block.After the first iteration of the loop, there is always a token presenton the FI select input. Therefore, the circuit continues to functionproperly through the subsequent iterations.

At some point, the value of “I” is changed by logic 7402 so it is nolonger equal to the initial value INIT. This change is detected by theequal compare block 3800-1, which drives the carry output Co low. Theselect inputs S of both the FI block and the IF block go low. The FIblock ceases to select the Y input and selects the X input again,reinitializing the loop. The IF block stops providing output tokens tothe logic 7402 inside the loop through the F output, and insteadprovides output tokens to the logic 7403 outside the loop, through the Goutput, until the circuit is reinitialized.

FIG. 75 illustrates another way in which Gate mode can be used in thelogic block of FIGS. 14 and 19. In FIG. 75, the logic block 7500 ofFIGS. 14 and 19 is used to implement a TOGGLE function using Gate mode.The toggle function can be used to feed data alternately to two copiesof a given portion of the logic. This functionality can be useful, forexample, when the given portion of the logic is a bottleneck slowingdown the throughput of the overall circuit.

The arbiter plays a role in this logical implementation. The togglefunction feeds data from the Y input alternately to the two outputs Fand G. The two output multiplexers 1901 and 1902 are configured withopposite polarities; that is, one is enabled by a high value of S, andthe other is enabled by a low value of S. Thus, only one of the twooutput multiplexers is enabled at any given time. Further, because thelogic block is in Gate mode, an output token is only provided by theenable output multiplexer when an input token arrives at the Y input.The arbiter 1904 arbitrates between the Y input and a constant tokensource on the X input (i.e., the X input repeatedly provides inputtokens with the same data value). The arbiter passes the continuouslyprovided data value until an input token arrives on the Y input. The Yvalue is then passed to the selected output, and the arbiter outputchanges the value of S to the opposite value, selecting the otheroutput. Thus, the incoming values of Y are passed alternately to the Fand G outputs.

FIG. 76 provides an example of how the TOGGLE function (Gate mode) canbe used to replicate logic. A bottleneck portion of logic is replicated(first and second logic copies 7601 and 7602). The replicated logic inthis example has two inputs, Y1 and Y2. Toggle block 7500-1 responds toan input token on Y2 by alternately providing the Y2 input signal to thefirst and second copies of the logic. IF block 7100-1 provides the Y1input to the same copy of the logic, under control of the S signal fromthe toggle block 7500-1. The feedthrough block 7603 can be implementedin the same fashion as feedthrough logic block 7305, for example,passing the S value from IF block 7100-1 to the most significant bit ofthe F output, and hence to the Z[7] input of the FI logic block 7200-2.FI logic blocks 7200-1 and 7200-2 both select the output of the first orsecond copies of the logic, and provide the outputs on circuit outputsE1 or E2, respectively.

FIG. 76 provides a specific example of a circuit for implementing logicreplication in a self-timed logic circuit. A designer may want toreplicate logic in order to increase the performance of a circuit, forexample, by using multiple copies of the replicated logic tosimultaneously process data. The circuit of FIG. 76 can be described asincluding first and second copies (7601 and 7602) of the replicatedlogic circuit, an input circuit (logic blocks 7500-1, 7100-1, and 7603),an output circuit (logic blocks 7200-1 and 7200-2), and a pipelinedrouting path (7604). The inputs and outputs of the first and secondcopies 7601, 7602 are self-timed. The input circuit provides aself-timed input signal alternately to the self-timed inputs of thefirst and second copies (X, Y of logic block 7100-1 or 7500-1). Theoutput circuit receives the self-timed output from the first copy andthe self-timed output from the second copy (at the X and Y inputs oflogic block 7200-1 or 7200-2), and outputs a selected one of theself-timed outputs (E1, E2) based on a value of a self-timed selectsignal (the Z[7] input of logic block 7200-2). Pipelined routing path7604 routes the self-timed select signal from the input circuit (the Foutput of logic block 7603) to the output circuit (the Z[7] input oflogic block 7200-2).

Looked at another way, the input circuit (logic blocks 7500-1, 7100-1,and 7603) provides a token alternately with the first and second outputs(F, G of logic block 7100-1 or 7500-1) of the input circuit, and theoutput circuit (logic blocks 7200-1 and 7200-2) provides an output tokenwith one of the first or second outputs (E1, E2) of the output circuitbased on a value of the self-timed select signal received at the selectinput (the Z[7] input of logic block 7200-2) of the output circuit.

In the pictured embodiment, the first and second copies of thereplicated logic circuit, the input circuit, and the output circuit areall implemented using the programmable logic block of FIGS. 14 and 19,e.g., in an array of the logic blocks included in an integrated circuitsuch as a programmable integrated circuit (PLD). The pipelined routingpath is implemented in an interconnect structure interconnecting thelogic blocks.

In a synchronous circuit, the number of pipeline stages in the pipelinedrouting path would be the same as the number of pipeline stages in eachof the first and second copies of the replicated logic circuit. In thepictured embodiment, this restriction does not apply. In order toachieve maximum operating frequency, the number of pipeline stages inthe routing path is preferably greater than the delay of the replicatedpath divided by the cycle time of the slowest element on the replicatedpath. However, this is not necessary for the circuit to functioncorrectly.

FIG. 77 illustrates another way in which Merge mode can be used in thelogic block of FIGS. 14 and 19. In FIG. 77, the logic block of FIGS. 14and 19 is used to implement an ARBIT (arbitration) function using Mergemode. The arbitration function can be used to share common logic betweentwo or more data paths. For example, this functionality can be usefulwhen a function call is too expensive (e.g., too large) to expandinline. The ARBIT function is the same as the FI function (see FIG. 72),except that the output multiplexers 1901 and 1902 are controlled by thearbiter. The output multiplexers are both in Merge mode.

FIG. 78 provides an example of how the ARBIT function (Merge mode) canbe used to share logic between two data paths.

The arbiter also plays a role in this logical implementation, in whichthe shared logic 7801 has two inputs In1 and In2, and two outputs Out1and Out2. The ARBIT logic block 7700-1 controls the inputs of the sharedlogic 7801 such that the inputs come from either a first data path or asecond data path. Similarly, the ARBIT logic block 7700-1 controls theoutputs of the shared logic 7801 such that the outputs are provided toeither the first data path or the second data path.

The FI block 7200-1 and the ARBIT block 7700-1 both feed input data fromthe selected data path to the shared logic 7801. The Merge mode of theARBIT block permits whichever of the data paths has an available inputto use the logic first. The select signal from the arbiter is passedthrough FI block 7200-1 to feedthrough block 7603, and hence to IFblocks 7100-2 and 7200-1, via the Z[7] input of block 7100-2.

Potentially, a deadlock could occur in this embodiment if one datastream fills the shared logic pipeline, preventing the other data streamfrom passing tokens through the shared logic. Such a deadlock can beavoided, for example, by including a built-in relationship between thedata streams that prevents one stream from overfilling the pipe. Anothermethod of avoiding such a deadlock is to keep a count of the number oftokens in the pipeline, and to control the number of tokens so as not toexceed the amount of storage available after the shared logic.

FIG. 78 provides a specific example of a circuit for implementing sharedlogic in a self-timed logic circuit. A designer may want to share logicin order to reduce the size of a circuit, for example, to reduce thenumber of logic blocks required to implement a design by using the samelogic blocks in two different logic paths through the design. Thecircuit of FIG. 78 can be described as including a shared logic circuit7801, an input circuit (logic blocks 7700-1, 7200-1, and 7603), anoutput circuit (logic blocks 7100-1 and 7100-2), and a pipelined routingpath (7802). The inputs and outputs of the shared logic circuit areself-timed. The input circuit outputs a selected one of the first orsecond self-timed inputs (E of logic block 7200-1 or A of logic block7700-1) to the shared logic circuit 7801, the selected one of the firstor second inputs being determined by an arbitration circuit (arbiter1904 of FIG. 77) within the input circuit (in logic block 7700-1), andfurther outputs a self-timed select signal (the F output of logic block7603). The output circuit receives the first and second self-timedoutputs from the shared logic circuit (the Y input of logic block 7100-1and the Y input of logic block 7100-2) and provides a selected one ofthe first or second outputs (Out1-F and Out1-G, or Out2-F and Out2-G),the selected one of the first or second outputs being determined by theself-timed select signal (received at input Z[7] of logic block 7100-2).Pipelined routing path 7802 routes the self-timed select signal from theinput circuit (the F output of logic block 7603) to the output circuit(the Z[7] input of logic block 7100-2).

Looked at another way, the input circuit (logic blocks 7700-1, 7200-1,and 7603) provides a token with one of the first or second outputs (theE output of logic block 7200-1 or the A output of logic block 7700-1)based on a value (the S output of logic block 7700-1) output by anarbitration circuit (1904 of FIG. 77, in logic block 7700-1) within theinput circuit.

In the pictured embodiment, the shared logic circuit, the input circuit,and the output circuit are all implemented using the programmable logicblock of FIGS. 14 and 19, e.g., in an array of the logic blocks includedin an integrated circuit such as a programmable integrated circuit(PLD). The pipelined routing path is implemented in an interconnectstructure interconnecting the logic blocks.

In a synchronous circuit, the number of pipeline stages in the pipelinedrouting path would be the same as the number of pipeline stages in theshared logic circuit. In the pictured embodiment, this restriction doesnot apply. In order to achieve maximum operating frequency, the numberof pipeline stages in the routing path is preferably greater than thedelay of the shared path divided by the cycle time of the slowestelement on the shared path. However, this is not necessary for thecircuit to function correctly.

FIG. 78 illustrates an exemplary circuit in which logic is sharedbetween two different data paths. However, it will be clear to those ofskill in the art that this technique can also be applied in ahierarchical fashion to circuits in which logic is shared between morethan two data paths.

FIG. 79 illustrates one way in which Feedback mode can be used in thelogic block of FIGS. 14 and 19. In FIG. 79, logic block 7900 implementsa COUNTER function using Feedback mode. As noted above, Feedback mode isused when the F or G output of a logic block is fed back to the lookuptable, and the lookup table output LO feeds the F or G datapath in theoutput multiplexer circuit, as in the embodiment of FIG. 79. In thepictured embodiment, the F output is fed back to the X input via aninterconnect structure external to the logic block. In otherembodiments, the F or G output is fed back to the X input via adedicated feedback path included in the logic block.

The counter of FIG. 79 has an initial value INIT_VAL and an incrementvalue INCR_VAL. The initial value is loaded into the counter byproviding an input token with a data high value on the select input Si.The value in the counter is incremented by increment value INCR_VALwhenever an input token with a low data value is placed on the selectinput Si. The G output provides the sum. The lookup tables 1450-1 and1450-2 implement the add function (see FIG. 36).

FIG. 80 illustrates another way in which Feedback mode can be used inthe logic block of FIGS. 14 and 19. In FIG. 80, logic block 8000implements a MEMORY function using Feedback mode. In the picturedembodiment, the F output of the logic block is fed back to the X inputvia an interconnect structure external to the logic block. In otherembodiments, the F or G output is fed back to the X input via adedicated feedback path included in the logic block.

The memory of FIG. 80 can be written with a write value WR_VAL, and theread value RD_VAL appears on the G output. The write value is loadedinto the memory by providing an input token with a data high value onthe select input Si. The read value can be read from the memory outputby providing an input token with a data low value on the select inputSi.

FIG. 81 illustrates an alternative bus-based logic block 8100/1200-3that can be used to build an IC having highly flexible multipliercapability in a fashion similar to the examples shown above. The logicblock of FIG. 81, for example, can be an alternative embodiment of thelogic block of FIG. 14, and can be used, for example, in the integratedcircuits of FIGS. 12 and/or 15. Logic block 8100 is similar to logicblocks 1400 and 1900 of FIGS. 14 and 19, except that input multiplexercircuit 8160 differs from input multiplexer circuit 1460, and outputmultiplexer circuit 8190 differs from output multiplexer circuit 1490.In the embodiment of FIG. 81, output multiplexers 8101 and 8102 (whichdrive storage elements 8103 and 8104, respectively, to produce the F andG outputs) are not driven by an S-chain. Instead, the S-chain isomitted, and the functions previously included in the S-chain areincluded in the Z-bus. Output multiplexers 8101 and 8102 are controlledby the Z[7] bit of the Z-bus, which can now include the output ofarbiter 8105.

Another alteration that can optionally be made to the output multiplexercircuit (not shown in FIG. 81) is to provide to the arbiter the readysignal from the X input X_RDY_IN instead of the ready signal from thelookup table output LO_RDY_IN.

It will be apparent to one skilled in the art after studying the presentspecification and diagrams that the present invention can be practicedwithin these and other architectural variations.

Those having skill in the relevant arts of the invention will nowperceive various modifications and additions that can be made as aresult of the disclosure herein. For example, the above text describesthe circuits and methods of the invention in the context of programmableICs such as PLDs. However, the circuits and methods of the invention canalso be implemented in other integrated circuits, including, in somecases, non-programmable circuits. Further, operating modes other thanthe five exemplary modes illustrated herein can be included in additionto, or instead of, one or more of the five exemplary operating modes.Yet further, some embodiments may include only one, two, three, or fourof the illustrated modes in the logic block.

Further, multiplier circuits, multiply blocks, lookup tables, fulladders, half adders, logical AND gates, exclusive-NOR gates, storageelements, flip-flops, latches, memory cells, multiplexers, C-elements,arbiters, constant generator circuits, one-hot circuits, and othercomponents other than those described herein can be used to implementthe invention. Active-high signals can be replaced with active-lowsignals by making straightforward alterations to the circuitry, such asare well known in the art of circuit design. Logical circuits can bereplaced by their logical equivalents by appropriately inverting inputand output signals, as is also well known.

Moreover, some components are shown directly connected to one anotherwhile others are shown connected via intermediate components. In eachinstance, the method of interconnection establishes some desiredelectrical communication between two or more circuit nodes. Suchcommunication can often be accomplished using a number of circuitconfigurations, as will be understood by those of skill in the art.

Accordingly, all such modifications and additions are deemed to bewithin the scope of the invention, which is to be limited only by theappended claims and their equivalents. Note that claims listing steps donot imply any order of the steps. Trademarks are the property of theirrespective owners.

What is claimed is:
 1. A multiplier circuit, comprising: a one-hotcircuit having a multi-bit input and a multi-bit output; wherein theone-hot circuit is configured and arranged to output one bit having alogic one value and (2^K)−1 bits having a logic zero value, a positionof the logic one bit in the multi-bit output being in response to themulti-bit input to the one-hot circuit, K being an integer greater thanone; a multi-bit multiplexing circuit having first and second multi-bitinputs and a multi-bit output, the first input of the multiplexingcircuit being coupled to the output of the one-hot circuit andconfigured to provide data from either the first multi-bit input or thesecond multi-bit input to the multi-bit output; and a multiply blockhaving first and second multi-bit inputs and a multi-bit output, thefirst input of the multiply block being coupled to the output of themultiplexing circuit; wherein the first and second multi-bit inputs andthe multi-bit output of the multiplexing circuit are each 2^K bits wide,and the first multi-bit input of the multiply block is 2^K bits wide. 2.The multiplier circuit of claim 1, wherein K equals three.
 3. Themultiplier circuit of claim 1, wherein the multiplexing circuit isprogrammable to select a value on one of the first or second inputs ofthe multiplexing circuit as the first input of the multiply block. 4.The multiplier circuit of claim 1, wherein the one-hot circuit isprogrammable to select one output bit as a high bit.
 5. A multipliercircuit, comprising: means for decoding a multi-bit first value toprovide a multi-bit one-hot value; wherein the means for decoding isconfigured and arranged to output one bit having a logic one value and(2^K)−1 bits having a logic zero value, a position of the logic one bitin the multi-bit output being in response to the multi-bit first value,K being an integer greater than one; a multiply block having multi-bitfirst and second inputs and a multi-bit output; and means forselectively providing one of the first value or the one-hot value to thefirst input of the multiply block; wherein the first input of themultiply block is 2^K bits wide.
 6. The multiplier circuit of claim 5,wherein the means for decoding comprises a plurality of logical ANDgates having inputs coupled to receive at least two bits of the firstvalue and outputs coupled to provide the one-hot value.
 7. Themultiplier circuit of claim 5, wherein the means for selectivelyproviding comprises a multi-bit programmable multiplexer circuit.
 8. Themultiplier circuit of claim 5, wherein K equals three.
 9. The multipliercircuit of claim 5, further comprising means for selectively providingone of a second value or a value of “1” to the second input of themultiply block.
 10. The multiplier circuit of claim 9, wherein the meansfor selectively providing one of a second value or a value of “1” to thesecond input of the multiply block comprises a multi-bit programmablemultiplexer circuit.
 11. An integrated circuit, comprising: an array ofsubstantially similar logic blocks coupled one to another, each logicblock comprising: a one-hot circuit having a multi-bit input and amulti-bit output; wherein the one-hot circuit is configured and arrangedto output one bit having a logic one value and (2^K)−1 bits having alogic zero value, and a position of the logic one bit in the multi-bitoutput being in response to the multi-bit input to the one-hot circuit;a multi-bit multiplexing circuit having first and second multi-bitinputs and a multi-bit output, the first input of the multiplexingcircuit being coupled to the output of the one-hot circuit andconfigured to provide data from either the first multi-bit input or thesecond multi-bit input to the multi-bit output; and a multiply blockhaving first and second multi-bit inputs and a multi-bit output, thefirst input of the multiply block being coupled to the output of themultiplexing circuit; wherein the first and second inputs and the outputof the multiplexing circuit are each 2^K bits wide, and the first inputof the multiply block is 2^K bits wide.
 12. The integrated circuit ofclaim 11, wherein in each logic block: the multiplexing circuit isprogrammable to select a value on one of the first or second inputs ofthe multiplexing circuit as the first input of the multiply block. 13.The integrated circuit of claim 11, wherein in each logic block: theone-hot circuit is programmable to select one output bit as a high bit.14. The integrated circuit of claim 11, wherein the integrated circuitcomprises a programmable logic device (PLD).